UC-NRLF 


B    3    TOO    T3D 


'  LIBRARY 


OF  THE 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA, 

RECEIVED    BY    EXCHANGE 

Class 


GUIDE 

TO  THE  GENERA  AND  CLASSIFICATION 

OF  THE 

NORTH    AMERICAN    ORTHOPTEEA 

FOUND   NORTH   OF   MEXICO 
BY 

SAMUEL   IIUBBARD  SCUDDER 


CAMBRIDGE 
EDWARD  W.  WHEELER 

1897 


I 

* 


BfOLOSV 

LIBRARY 

G 


THE  poetry  of  earth  is  never  dead: 

When  all  the  birds  are  faint  with  the  hot  sun, 
And  hide  in  cooling  trees,  a  voice  will  run 

From  hedge  to  hedge  about  the  new-mown  mead ; 

That  is  the  Grasshopper's  —  he  takes  the  lead 
In  summer  luxury,  —  he  has  never  done 
With  his  delights;   for  when  tired  out  with  fun 

He  rests  at  ease  beneath  some  pleasant  weed. 

The  poetry  of  earth  is  ceasing  never: 

On  a  lone  winter  evening,  when  the  frost 

Has  wrought  a  silence,  from  the  stove  there  shrills 
The  Cricket's  song,  in  warmth  increasing  ever, 
And  seems  to  one  in  drowsiness  half  lost, 
The  Grasshopper's  among  some  grassy  hills. 

KEATS. 


PREFACE. 

THE  following  Tables  and  Bibliographies  are  published,  not  as 
a  finality,  but  for  temporary  use  by  students  of  Orthoptera  in  this 
country,  who  have  few  means  for  working  up  their  collections. 
The  author  contemplates  a  general  work  on  the  classification  of  our 
Orthoptera,  of  which  this  is  merely  a  Prodromus  and  which  may 
serve  its  purpose  until  the  material  at  hand  has  been  more  thor- 
oughly studied.  The  frequent  demands  made  for  information 
have  prompted  it.  The  greater  number  of  the  tables  are  based 
upon  those  of  Stal,  Brunner  and  de  Saussure,  but  these  authors 
are  in  no  way  responsible  for  the  form  in  which  they  here  appear. 

A  great  deal  of  work  has  yet  to  be  done,  especially  in  the 
Saltatorial  families,  before  even  the  genera  of  our  fauna  are 
fairly  known.  What  is  given  below  includes  only  data  already 
published  or  about  to  be  published.  Nearly  two  hundred  genera 
are  included  in  the  tables. 

CAMBRIDGE,  MASS.,  April  13,  1897. 


197272 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Preface 3 

Table  of  the  families  of  Orthoptera  .....  8 

Table  of  Forficulidae 11 

Tables  of  Blattidae            .                  .  12 

Tables  of  Mantidae           .                  16 

Tables  of  Phasmidae 19 

Tables  of  Acridiidae 22 

Tables  of  Locustidae         ...          ....  51 

Tables  of  Gryllidae            .                            .  62 

Bibliographical  Notes :  General 67 

Forficulidae 67 

Blattidae 68 

Mantidae 70 

Phasmidae 71 

Acridiidae 72 

Locustidae .'77 

Gryllidae 80 

List  of  the  Literature 83 

Index  88 


GUIDE   TO   THE 

GENERA   AND   CLASSIFICATION 
OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  ORTHOPTERA. 


ALL  the  seven  families  of  Orthoptera  are  found  in  the  United 
States,  but  only  the  saltatorial  families  in  any  considerable  vari- 
ety, unless  we  may  except  the  Blattidae.  In  the  subfamilies  how- 
ever the  case  is  different,  for  less  than  half  of  them  occur  within 
our  boundaries  at  all  and  a  number  that  do  occur  are  represented 
only  by  a  single  (often  introduced)  species.  The  following  list 
will  show  the  proportion  that  occur  in  the  different  families. 

Forficulidae  1  subfamily  represented  out  of  1  recognized. 
Blattidae  6  subfamilies  "  "11  " 
Mantidae  2  "  "  "  6  " 
Phasmidae  3  "  "  "12  " 
Acridiidae  4  "  "  9  " 
Locustidae  6  "  "  "15  " 
Gryllidae  6  "  "  "  6  " 
a 

28         "  "  "      60         " 

It  will  be  seen  that  even  in  the  saltatorial  families  scarcely 
more  than  half  of  the  subfamilies  occur,  notwithstanding  that  all 
the  subfamilies  of  Gryllidae  have  representatives.  The  repre- 
sentation is  shown  also  to  be  very  unequally  distributed. 

The  families  of  Orthoptera  may  be  distinguished  by  the  table 
given  on  the  next  three  pages. 


8  GUIDE   TO   ORTHOPTERA 


Families  of  Orthoptera. 

A1.     Non-saltatorial  and  mute.     Hind  femora  closely  resembling 
those  of  the  other  legs,  and  scarcely  if  at  all  stouter  or  longer 
than  the  middle  femora;  organs  of    flight  in  a  normal  position 
when  immature ;  ovipositor  concealed  by  the  subgenital  plate. 
51.  Mouth  anterior;  tarsi  with  not  more  than  three  joints;  anal 
area  of  wings  (when  present)  extending  around  the  apex  over 
more  than  half  the  front  border  of  the  wings ;  abdomen  termin- 
ated in  both  sexes  by  forcipate  appendages.         FORFICULIDAE. 
#2.    Mouth  posterior,  inferior,  or  at  most  antero-inferior ;  tarsi 
five-jointed  * ;  anal  area  of  the  wing  never  infringing  on  the 
front  border ;  abdominal  appendages  not  distinctly  forcipate. 
c1.   Body  oval,   depressed,    much  broader  than  deep  at  the 
posterior  extremity  of  the  prothorax  ;  head  nearly  horizontal 
and  wholly  or   almost  wholly  concealed   beneath   the   pro- 
notum,  the  mouth  posterior  or  infero-posterior  when  at  rest ; 
ocelli  generally  two  in  number ;  pronotum  clypeate,  generally 
transverse ;  legs  depressed.     Insects  of  rapid  movement. 

BLATTIDAE' 

c2.  Body  elongate,  generally  narrow,  even  when  depressed  or 
expanded  generally  but  little  broader  than  deep  at  the  poste- 
rior extremity  of  the  prothorax ;  head  free,  often  separated 
from  the  prothorax  by  a  deep  constriction;  ocelli  three  or 
wanting  ;  pronotum  never  transverse,  except  occasionally  by 
laminate  expansions;  legs  rarely  depressed.  Insects  of 
deliberative  movement. 

d1.  Head  oblique,  generally  trigonal;  mouth  inferior  or 
infero-posterior ;  ocelli  three ;  antennae  rarely  as  long  as  the 
body,  generally  slender;  pronotum  generally  longer  than 
any  other  segment ;  fore-legs  raptorial,  terminating  in  a 
single  claw,  which  with  the  tarsi  is  placed  beneath  the 
spinous  tibiae  when  at  rest;  anal  cerci  articulated. 

MANTIDAE. 

*  Occasionally  a  joint  is  absent,  probably  by  accidental  loss  of  the  leg  in  early  life, 
since  in  the  reproduction  of  lost  limbs  one  tarsal  joint  always  disappears. 


FAMILIES   OF   ORTHOPTERA  9 

d2.    Head  subhorizontal,  generally  quadrate  or   gibbous; 
mouth    antero-inf erior ;    ocelli    often   wanting;    antennae 
generally  longer   than  the    body  and    coarse ;   pronotum 
very  short ;  fore-legs  constructed  like  the  others,  termin- 
ating in  a  pair  of  claws,  the  fore  femora  often  arcuate  at 
the  base  ;  anal  cerci  inarticulate.      .         .         PHASMIDAE. 
A*.    Saltatorial   and   generally  stridulating.     Hind  femora  very 
much   stouter   basally,  or  very  much  longer,  or  both,  than  the 
middle  femora ;  organs  of  flight  in  a  reversed  position  when  im- 
mature ;  head  vertical ;  ovipositor,  with  few  exceptions,  free. 
ft1.   Antennae  much  shorter  than  the  body  (with    few  excep- 
tions),  filiform,  clubbed  or  ensiform,  but  if  the  first  scarcely 
tapering,  the  joints  distinct,  often  depressed ;  ocelli  three ;  tarsi 
three- jointed,  similar  in  structure  on  all  the  legs ;  stridulating 
organs  (when  present)  situated  on  the  hind  femora  and  costal 
field  of  the  tegmina ;  auditory  organs   (when  present)   on  the 
basal  segment  of  the  abdomen ;  ovipositor  composed  of  a  dis- 
crete double  pair  of  short  arcuate  plates,  vertically  divergent 

at  tip ACRIDIIDAE  . 

&'2.  Antennae  much  longer  than  the  body,  setaceous,  delicately 
tapering;  ocelli  often  wanting;  tarsi  three-  or  four- jointed ; 
stridulating  organs  (when  present)  situated  on  the  anal  field  of 
the  tegmina ;  the  auditory  near  the  base  of  the  fore  tibiae  (or 
rarely  on  the  prosternum)  ;  ovipositor  usually  prolonged  into  a 
compressed  blade  or  needle,  its  parts  compact. 

c1.  Ocelli  generally  wanting ;  tarsi  four-jointed,  nearly  similar 
in  structure  on  all  the  legs  * ;  fore  coxae  usually  broader  than 
long  t ;  middle  field  of  tegmina  in  repose,  like  the  costal  field, 
nearly  or  quite  vertical ;  base  of  male  tegmina  (when  present) 
furnished  on  dorsal  surface  with  a  tympanum  limited  to  the 
anal  area,  crossed  by  a  prominent  nervure  formed  by  the 
last  branch  of  the  anal  vein,  and  as  a  whole  narrower  than  the 
rest  of  the  tegmen  ;  ovipositor  (unless,  as  rarely,  concealed) 
forming  a  strongly  compressed,  generally  ensiform  blade, 
the  inner  valves  almost  always  partially  exposed  the  entire 
length  of  the  ovipositor,  the  tip  not  expanded.  LOCTJSTIDAE. 

*  In  Daihinia  the  fore  and  hind  tarsi  are  three-jointed, 
t  Excepting  in  Stenopelmatinae  and  Gryllacrinae. 


10  GUIDE  TO  ORTHOPTERA 

c*.  Ocelli  variable ;  tarsi  three-jointed,  those  of  the  fore  legs 
or  else  of  the  hind  legs  differing  from  the  others  in  structure  ; 
fore  coxae  longer  than  broad;  middle  field  of  tegmina  in 
repose,  like  the  anal  field,  nearly  or  quite  horizontal  *  ;  base 
of  male  tegmina  (when  present)  furnished  on  the  dorsal 
surface  with  a  tympanum  (rarely  absent)  extending  across 
both  anal  and  median  areas,  crossed  by  a  prominent  nervure 
formed  by  the  main  anal  vein,  and  as  a  whole  broader  than 
the  rest  of  the  tegmen  (except  in  Gryltotalpinae) ;  ovipos- 
itor (unless,  as  rarely,  concealed)  forming  a  nearly  cylin- 
drical straight  or  occasionally  upcurved  needle,  the  inner 
valves  generally  scarcely  exposed  except  at  the  expanded  tip. 

GKYLLIDAE. 

*The  Asiatic  Schizodactylus  is  a  curious  example  of  a  Locustid,  with  an  enor- 
mously developed  and  horizontal  anal  iield,  giving  it  the  aspect  of  a  Gryllid. 


FORFICULIDAE  1 1 

FORFICULIDAE. 

This  family  has  never  been  divided  by  systematists  save  into 
genera,  of  which  half  a  dozen  occur  in  the  United  States,  and 
may  be  separated  by  the  subjoined  table.  Somewhat  more  than 
thirty  genera  are  now  recognized  in  the  whole  world.  None  of 
our  genera  are  restricted  to  our  territory. 

Genera  of  Forficididae. 

A1.    Sixth  antennal  joint  much  shorter  than  the  first. 

ft1.    First  antennal  joint  as  long  as  the  fourth  to  sixth  joints 
inclusive. 

c1.    Furnished  with  both  tegmina  and  wings. 

Labidura  Leach. 
c2.   Possessed  of  neither  tegmina  nor  wings. 

Anisolabis  Fieber. 

b2.    First   antennal  joint  no  longer  than  the  fourth  and  fifth 
joints  together.         ....        Spongophora  Serville. 

A2.    Sixth   antennal  joint  as  long  or  very  nearly  as  long  as  the 
first. 

bl.    Sixth  antennal  joint  cylindrical,  many  times  longer  than 
broad;    second  tarsal  joint  produced  beneath  the  first. 
c1.    Forks  of  the  male  forceps  dilate  at  base,  contiguous. 

Forficida  Linnd. 
c2.   Forks  of  male  forceps  not  dilate  at  base,  separate. 

Sphingolabis  Bormans. 

b'2.    Sixth  antennal  joint   plainly  obconic;    second  tarsal  joint 
simple,  compressed.         .....      Labia  Leach. 

The  first  two  genera  are  represented  by  single  cosmopolitan 
species,  introduced  along  the  Atlantic  coast.  Spongophora  is 
also  known  only  by  a  single  species,  found  in  the  Southern 
States  and  southward.  The  other  genera  are  better  represented, 
especially  Forficula,  but  most  of  the  species  are  confined  to  the 
extreme  south.  Hardly  more  than  a  dozen  species  of  the  family 
occur  anywhere  in  the  United  States. 


12  GUIDE   TO   ORTHOPTERA 

BLATTIDAE. 

Only  about  half  the  subfamilies  of  Blattidae  occur  in  North 
America  north  of  Mexico,  and  half  of  those  that  do  occur  are 
represented  only  by  one  or  two  commercially  introduced  species. 
A  single  subfamily  is  fairly  well  represented  by  indigenous  species, 
and  of  all  the  genera  only  one  is  confined  to  the  United  States. 
Many  of  the  genera  occur  in  both  the  Old  and  New  Worlds. 

Subfamilies  of  Blattidae. 

A 1.    All  the  femora,  or  at  least  the  middle  and  hind  pair  spined 
beneath. 

b  *.   Last  ventral  segment  of  female  abdomen  relatively  plane, 
not  compressed-rostrate,  entire,  not  fissate ;  fore  femora  rarely 
armed  beneath  on  the  inner  margin  with  many  distinct  spines 
next  the  genicular  spines,  and  if  so  then  the  styles  are  unequal 
or  one  is  wanting. 

c  *.    Pronotum  and  tegmina  glabrous ;  tarsi  without  pulvilli ; 
median  vein  of  wings  sending  but  few  veinlets  to  the  apex, 
the  radial  many  parallel,  generally  simple  veinlets  to  the 
costal  margin.        ......         JBlattinae. 

c 2.    Pronotum  and  tegmina  more  or  less  pilose ;  tarsi  provided 
with  pulvilli ;  median  vein  of  wings  with  many  branches,  the 
radial  emitting  relatively  few  and   more    or   less  irregular 
veinlets  to  the  costal  margin.          .         .          Nyctoborinae. 
b 2.   Last  ventral  segment  of  female  abdomen  compressed-ros- 
trate, fissate  so  as  to  be  bivalved ;  fore  femora  armed  beneath 
with  many  spines  on  the  inner  margin,  throughout  nearly  or 
quite  the  whole  length  or  at  least  in  the  middle  ;  styles  of  equal 
length.        .......        Periplanetinae. 

Az.    The  middle  and  hind  femora,  and  usually  all  the  femora, 
without  spines  beneath.* 

b  \    The  supraanal  plate  more  or  less  produced  in  both  sexes, 
its  hind  border  emarginate. 

c  *.  A  distinct  arolium  between  the  claws ;  pronotum  and 
tegmina  glabrous ;  anal  field  of  wings  multiplicate  when  at 
rest.  .  Y  .  -  «  .-•  .  Panchlorinae. 

*  Bristles  or  hairs  must  not  be  mistaken  for  spines. 


BLATTID  AE  —  BLATTINAE  1 3 

c2.  No  arolium  between  the  claws';  pronotum  and  tegmina 
more  or  less  pilose ;  anal  field  of  wings  uniplicate  when  at 
rest,  or  simply  folded  without  plication  beneath  the  anterior 
field.  ........  Corydinae. 

b 2.    The  supraanal  plate  short  or  rather  short,  the  hind  margin 

straight  or  rounded,  not  emarginate. 

c1.  A  distinct  arolium  between  the  claws ;  subgenital  plate 
of  male  more  or  less  produced,  furnished  with  one  style ; 
tegmina  and  wings  present.  .  .  .  Plectopterinae. 
c 2.  No  arolium  between  the  claws ;  subgenital  plate  of  male 
minute,  without  styles ;  apterous.  .  .  Panesthinae. 

BLATTINAE. 

Only  half  a  dozen  genera  of  this  subfamily  have  been  recog- 
nized in  the  United  States,  although  this  is  nearly  half  as  many 
as  are  known  from  Mexico  and  Central  America  and  is  a  larger 
number  than  appertain  to  any  other  of  our  subfamilies  of  Blat- 
tidae,  and  the  genera  are  represented  by  more  species  than  in  any 
other  subfamily. 

Genera  of  Blattinae. 

a1.   Tegmina    completely   developed,  or   in    the   female   rarely 
abbreviate. 

b 1.    Tegmina  membranaceous  or  slightly  coriaceous. 

c1.  Antennae  basally  incrassate,  densely  but  briefly  pilose, 
often  particolored.  .  .  .  Thyrsocera  Burmeister. 
c  '2.  Antennae  setaceous,  sparsely  pilose,  unicolorous. 

dl.  Ulnar  vein  of  wings  emitting  complete  branches  to 
the  apical  margin  and  incomplete  branches  to  the  vena 
dividens.  ....  Zschnoptera  Burmeister. 
d2.  Ulnar  vein  of  wings  emitting  no  incomplete  branches 
to  the  vena  dividens. 

e 1.    Ulnar  vein  of  wings  undivided  or  furcate. 

JBlatta  Linne". 
e 2.    Ulnar  vein  of  wings  ramose. 

Phyllodromia  Serville. 


14  GUIDE   TO   ORTHOPTERA 

b 2.  Tegmina  corneous.  .  .  Ceratinoptera  Brunner. 
a 2.  Tegmina  in  both  sexes  abbreviate,  corneous,  exposing  a  por- 
tion (generally  a  great  portion)  of  the  abdomen. 

b 1.    Tegmina  articulate ;  wings  present  though  minute. 

Temnopteryx  Brunner. 

b 2.    Tegmina  squamif orm,  lateral,  not  articulate  ;  wings  wanting. 

Loboptera  Brunner. 

All  of  these  genera  are  found  in  the  southern  portion  of  the 
United  States,  and  only  Ischnoptera,  Blatta  (introduced)  and 
Temnopteryx  in  the  northernmost  portions  of  the  country.  Thyr- 
socera,  Blatta,  Ceratinoptera  and  Loboptera  only  occur  in  single 
species,  so  far  as  is  yet  known.  Ischnoptera  (Platamodes  Scud- 
der)  is  the  most  prolific  in  forms.  A  careful  study  of  our  native 
Blattinae  is  much  to  be  desired. 

NYCTOBORINAE. 

Represented  by  only  a  single  species  of  Nyctobora  Burmeister 
found  in  southernmost  Texas. 

PERIPL  ANE  TIN  AE  . 

Four  genera  of  this  subfamily  occur  in  the  United  States,  only 
one  other  genus  occurring  in  North  America  south  of  our 
boundaries. 

Genera  of  Periplanetinae. 

a1.    First  joint  of  hind  tarsi  shorter  than  the  others  together; 
arolia  rather  large. 

b1.   Tegmina  abbreviate  and  apically  truncate,  or  wanting. 

Eurycotis  Stal. 
b 2.   Tegmina  as  long  as  but  not  surpassing  the  body. 

Pelmatosilpha  Dohrn. 

a 2.    First  joint  of  hind  tarsi  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  others 
together;  arolia  small. 

b 1.  Eyes  at  least  as  far  apart  as  the  antennal  scrobes ;  tegmina 
more  or  less  abbreviate,  especially  in  the  female. 

Stylopyga  Fischer  de  W. 


BLATTIDAE  —  PANCHLORINAE  1 5 

b 2.    Eyes  less  distant  than  the  antennal  scrobes ;  tegmina  fully 

developed  in  both  sexes.        .         .       Periplaneta  Burmeister. 

Pelmatosilpha  and  Stylopyga  have  only  a  single  representative 

each ;  the  others  have  two  or  three  species  each.     The  species  of 

Stylopyga  and  Periplaneta  are  introduced  forms  (from  the  Old 

World  or  the  American  tropics)  and  now  occur  widely  over  the 

United  States.     The  others  are  found  only  in  the  extreme  south. 

PANCHLORINAE. 

The  two  genera  of  this  subfamily  occurring  in  the  United 
States  are  each  represented  by  a  single  introduced  species,  and 
may  be  distinguished  thus  :  — 

Genera  of  Panchlorinae. 

a1.  First  joint  of  hind  tarsi  densely  biseriately  setose  beneath 
through  the  greater  part  of  its  length,  and  furnished  at  tip  with 
a  small  naked  plantula.  .  .  .  Panchlora  Burmeister. 
a 2.  First  joint  of  hind  tarsi  bare  or  nearly  bare  of  bristles  beneath, 
a  naked  plantula  extending  very  narrowly  over  the  whole  joint. 

Pycnoscelus  Scudder. 

CORYDINAE. 

Represented  in  the  region  adjoining  Mexico  by  Homoeogamia 
Burmeister,  of  which  we  have  probably  more  than  one  species. 

PLECTOPTEKINAE. 

A  single  species  or  two  of  Chorisoneura  Brunner  occur  in  the 
extreme  southern  states  from  Georgia  to  Texas. 

PANESTHINAE. 

The  anomalous  genus  Cryptocercus  Scudder  is  represented  by 
a  single  species  found  from  Virginia  to  California. 


16  GUIDE   TO   ORTHOPTERA 

MANTIDAE. 

Only  eleven  genera  of  this  family  are  found  in  the  United 
States  and  only  two  of  the  six  subfamilies  are  recognized,  and 
one  of  these  by  but  a  single  species,  an  interloper  from  further 
south,  as  is  the  case  also  with  some  of  the  genera  of  Mantinae, 
the  subfamily  to  which  the  others  belong.  The  species  are  all 
confined  to  the  southern  half  of  the  United  States,  and  most  of 
them  to  the  extreme  southern  margin.  The  family  is  notoriously 
a  tropical  one. 

Subfamilies  of  Mantidae. 

A  1.    Upper   surface   of    middle    and   hind   femora    and   tibiae 
rounded  ;  head  unarmed  ......         Mantinae. 

A2.  Upper  surface  of  middle  and  hind  femora  and  tibiae 
carinate  ;  middle  of  head  with  an  erect  process  as  long  as  the  rest 
of  the  head.  ........  Vatinae. 


The  larger  development  of  this  group  in  the  United  States 
would  be  looked  for  from  its  preponderance  further  south.  Most 
or  all  of  the  genera  occur  also  beyond  the  southern  boundaries  of 
the  United  States,  so  that  we  have  no  endemic  genera  unless 
Bactromantis  be  excepted. 

Genera  of  Mantinae. 

A  !.   Inner  margin  of  upper  surface  of  fore  coxae  not  conspicu- 
ously dilated  apically. 

b  1.  Pronotum  but  slightly  longer  than  fore  coxae  ;  eyes  more 
or  less  conical  ;  hind  femora  armed  exteriorly  with  an  apical 
spine. 

c  1.  Eyes  distinctly  pointed  (conico-acuminate)  above  ;  hind 
femora  delicately  incrassate  basally,  in  the  9  nearly  twice  as 
long  as  the  pronotum  ;  tegmina  and  wings  abbreviate  or 
wanting  in  both  sexes;  cerci  long,  distinctly  surpassing  the 
infragenital  plate.  .  .  .  .  Yersinia  Saussure. 


M  ANTID  AE  —  M  ANTINAE  1 7 

c 2.    Eyes   trigonal,    scarcely   pointed    above ;    hind    femora 
linear,    in   the    9    but   little   longer    than   the    pronotum ; 
tegmina  and  wings  fully  developed  in  the  £ ,  abbreviate  in 
the  9  ;  cerci  short,  scarcely  or  not  surpassing  the  infragenital 
plate.  .....          JLitaneutria  Saussure. 

b 2.    Pronotum  much  longer  than  fore  coxae ;  eyes  rotundate ; 
hind  femora  with  no  apical  spine. 
c1.   Antennae  filiform. 

dl.   Broadest  portion  of  pronotum  far  in  advance  of  the 
middle,  the  sides  in  front  distinctly  tapering ;  outer  margin 
of  fore  femora  armed  with  main  spines  only. 

el.    Body   of    g    very   elongate;   anal    membrane    of 
tegmina  violet.         .         .         Phasmomantis  Saussure. 
6 2.  Body  of  <£  moderately  elongate  ;  anal  membrane  of 
tegmina  light  colored. 

fl.    Anal  and  axillary  veins  of  tegmina  independent 
and  simple  throughout.     .         .          Callimantis  Stal. 
f*.    Anal   and   axillary    veins    of    tegmina    apically 
confluent.       .         .         .         Stagmomantis  Saussure. 

d'2.   Broadest  portion  of  pronotum  hardly  in  advance  of 

the  middle,  the  sides  in  front  parallel  or  subparallel ;  outer 

margin  of  fore  femora  armed  with  numerous  distinct  spin- 

ules  between  the  main  spines.         .       Gonatista  Saussure. 

c2.    Antennae  incrassate  beyond  the  base   and   thereafter 

tapering.         .....         JBrunneria  Saussure. 

A  2.    Inner  margin  of  upper  surface  of  fore  coxae  abruptly  and 
considerably  dilated  at  apex. 

b l.   Fore  tibiae  longer  than  their  apical  claw. 

c  i.    Fore  and  hind  sections  of  pronotum  subequal  in  length. 

Oligonyx  Saussure. 

c2.    Hind  section  of  pronotum  twice  as  long  as  fore  section. 

Bactromantis  Scudder. 
b 2.   Fore  tibiae  no  longer  than  their  apical  claw. 

Thesprotia  Stal. 

Of  these  ten  genera  hardly  one  contains  more  than  one  or  two 
species  and  all  are  southern  in  their  range.  Litaneutria,  how- 
ever, found  only  in  the  west,  has  three  or  four  species  ;  the  other 


18  GUIDE   TO    ORTHOPTERA 

genera  occur  almost  exclusively  in  the  Gulf  States  and  two,  Calli- 
mantis  and  Bactromantis,  are  known  only  from  Florida.  Yer- 
smia  has  a  single  species  in  Eastern  Colorado  and  neighborhood. 
Nearly  or  quite  all  these  genera  are  represented,  often  much 
more  fully,  south  of  our  border,  including  several  of  our  species. 

VATINAE. 

This  subfamily  is  represented  in  the  United  States  by  only  a 
single  genus,  Theoclytes  Serville,  a  single  species  of  which  occurs 
along  our  southern  border. 


PHASMIDAE  19 

PHASMIDAE. 

This  family  is  very  feebly  represented  in  the  United  States, 
only  half  a  dozen  different  genera  with  from  one  to  three  species 
each  having  been  detected.  These  few  species,  however,  repre- 
sent three  of  the  dozen  recognized  subfamilies.  With  the  excep- 
tion of  Diapheromera  which  has  a  wide  distribution,  most  of  the 
species  are  found  only  in  the  west  or  the  extreme  south.  One 
genus  is  confined  to  the  United  States. 

All  of  our  species  are  apterous,  and  though,  on  occasion,  the 
males  may  run  with  some  rapidity,  they  are  all  generally  sluggish 
in  movement,  and  depend  for  their  protection  largely  on  their 
resemblance  to  twigs  and  on  the  action  of  their  prothoracic 
glands,  which  may  emit  an  offensive  fluid  or  spray  when  the 
insect  is  alarmed.  Their  eggs  are  dropped  loosely  and  singly  on 
the  ground ;  they  are  of  very  varied  structure,  covered  with  an 
exceedingly  hard  and  often  strikingly  sculptured  shell,  and  so  far 
as  we  know  continue  through  the  winter,  sometimes  through  a 
second,  before  hatching.  Our  commonest  species  feeds  upon  the 
tough  leaves  of  the  oak. 

Subfamilies  of  Phasmidae. 

A  1.  Tibiae  not  furnished  at  apex  with  a  sunken  areola  to  receive 
the  base  of  the  tarsi  when  bent  upon  them.  (The  antennae  are 
much  longer  than  the  anterior  femora  and  furnished  with  at  least 
thirty  joints,  and  the  median  segment  is  much  shorter  than  the 

metanotum.) Bacunculinae. 

A'2.  Tibiae  furnished  at  apex  beneath  with  a  sunken  areola  to 
receive  the  base  of  the  tarsi  when  bent  upon  them. 

61.  Antennae  many  jointed,  longer  than  the  fore  femora; 
median  segment  shorter  than  the  metanotum ;  without  spines 
on  head,  thorax  or  legs ;  anterior  segments  of  abdomen  trans- 
verse, at  least  in  the  9 .  •  •  •  Anisomorphinae. 
b'2.  Antennae  with  less  than  twenty  joints,  shorter  than  the 
fore  femora  ;  anterior  segments  of  abdomen  much  longer  than 
broad.  Eacittinae. 


20  GUIDE   TO    ORTHOPTERA 

BACUNCULINAE. 

This  is  an  American  group  and  of  the  eleven  genera  recog- 
nized we  have  three,  which  may  be  distinguished  by  the  following 
table :  — 

Genera  of  Bacunculinae. 

a l.  Hind  femora  armed  beneath  on  the  median  line  near  apex 
with  one  or  more  distinct  spines.  .  Diapheromera  Gray. 
a2.  Hind  femora  unarmed  beneath  next  apex. 

b l.  Head,  especially  in  the  9 ,  furnished  in  front  between  the 
eyes  with  a  pair  of  tubercles  or  longitudinal  rugae,  sometimes 
highly  developed;  hind  femora  of  9  hardly  extending  beyond 
the  middle  of  the  fourth  abdominal  segment,  relatively  stout ; 
first  joint  of  hind  tarsi  of  9  shorter  than  the  other  joints 

together Sermyle  Stal. 

b 2.    Head  unarmed  in  both  sexes ;  hind  femora  of  9  reaching 
the  end  of  the  fourth  abdominal  segment,  relatively  slender ; 
first  joint  of  hind  tarsi  of  9  about  equal  to  the  other  joints 
together.        .....        JBacuncuhis  Burmeister. 

The  genera  have  been  but  little  studied  in  this  country.  Dia- 
pheroma  is  represented  nearly  everywhere  and  has  several  species, 
probably  including  some  as  yet  undescribed.  The  other  genera 
occurs  only  in  the  Gulf  States,  with  one  or  two  species  each. 

ANISOMORPHINAE. 

This  also  is  an  American  group,  with  about  half  a  dozen  known 
genera  of  which  we  possess  two. 

Genera  of  Anisomorphinae. 

a  l.  Mesothorax  twice  as  long  as  the  prothorax ;  basal  joint  of 
antennae  but  little  longer  and  little  stouter  than  the  second. 

Anisomorpha  Gray. 

a 2.  Mesothorax  no  longer  than  prothorax  ;  basal  joint  of  antennae 
fully  twice  as  long  and,  especially  on  apical  half,  twice  as  stout 
as  the  second  joint.  .  . ,  .  .  Timema  Scudder. 


PHASMIDAE  —  B  ACILLINAE  21 

Several  nominal  species  of  Anisomorpha  occur  in  the  extreme 
south  and  especially  the  southeast,  but  they  have  not  yet  been 
carefully  compared.  Timema  occurs  in  central  California,  with  a 
single  species,  and  is  not  otherwise  known. 

BACILLIXAE. 

This  small  subfamily  of  only  four  recognized  genera  is  repre- 
sented by  a  single  genus,  Bacillus  Latreille,  two  species  of  which 
are  known  from  Colorado  and  Arizona. 


22  GUIDE  TO    ORTHOPTERA 

ACRIDIIDAE. 

Only  four  of  the  nine  subfamilies  of  Acridiidae  are  represented 
in  the  United  States,  although  three  others  occur  in  more 
southern  portions  of  America.  Yet  on  the  whole  this  family  is 
better  developed  in  our  district  than  is  any  other  and  contains 
some  genera,  especially  Melanoplus,  of  very  great  extent. 

Subfamilies  of  Acridiidae. 

A.1.  Claws   without    arolium;    pronotum    extending    over    the 

abdomen ;  tegmin a  lobiform.         .         .         .         .         Tettiginae. 

A. 2.    Claws  furnished  with  an  arolium ;  pronotum  extending  at 

most  over  the  extreme  base  of  the  abdomen ;  tegmina  generally 

well  developed,  but  sometimes  abbreviate,  lobiform  or  wanting. 

ft1.   Prosternum  without  marked  prominence  (sometimes  with 

an  obtuse  tubercle);  arolium  usually  small  or  rather  small. 

c  l.    Face  retreating  and  angulate  at  meeting  with  vertex ; 

foveolae  generally  well  developed;   fastigium   usually  but 

little  declivent ;  eyes  generally  longer  than  the  intraocular 

portion    of  the   genae ;  mediastinal   and   scapular   fields   of 

tegmina  generally  regularly  reticulate  by   transverse  veins. 

Tryxalinae* 

c 2.  Face  nearly  or  quite  vertical,  and  rounded  at  meeting 
with  vertex ;  foveolae  generally  obscure ;  fastigium  usually 
strongly  declivent;  eyes  generally  shorter  than  the  infra- 
ocular  portion  of  the  genae ;  mediastinal  and  scapular  fields 
of  tegmina  generally  very  irregularly  reticulate. 

Oedipodmae* 

b*.  Prosternum   armed   anteriorly   with   a  distinct  conical  or 
cylindrical  spine.      .         .         .         .         .         .         Acridiinae. 

*  These  two  subfamilies  are  occasionally  difficult  to  distinguish,  and  I  accordingly 
give  here,  in  an  English  form,  the  detailed  distinctions  laid  down  by  Stal  (Rec. 
Orthopt.,  i,  6-7). 

Fastigium  of  vertex  not  or  slightly,  rarely  strongly,  declivent ;  front  trending  more 
or  less,  generally  strongly  and  obliquely,  backward ;  eyes  generally  longer  than  the 
inf  raocular  portion  of  the  genae,  rarely  shorter  or  of  equal  length,  and  in  these  cases 
the  front  is  very  oblique;  antennae  sometimes  ensiform,  inserted  between  the  middle 
or  below  the  middle  (inter  medium  vel  pone  medium)  of  the  eyes.  Metazona  rarely 
longer,  generally  shorter  than  the  prozona,  the  hind  margin  rarely  rectangulate  or 


ACRIDID  AE  —  TETTIGINAE  2  3 


TETTIGINAE. 

Of  the  seven  larger  groups  into  which  Bolivar  divides  this 
subfamily,  we  possess  only  two  neighboring  ones,  though  two 
others  occur  directly  south  of  us. 

Groups  of  Tettiginae. 

a l.  Anterior  femora  more  or  less  compressed,  carinate  above ; 
antennae  with  12-14  joints.  ....  Tettigiae. 
a 2.  Anterior  femora  distinctly  and  broadly  sulcate  above ;  anten- 
nae with  16-22  joints Batrachideae. 

subrectangulate,  generally  obtuse,  the  median  carina  not  cristate;  sulci  of  the  pro- 
zona  either  obliterated  or  interrupted  on  the  disk,  the  posterior  of  these  not  or  but 
very  slightly  recurved,  never  confluent  with  the  principal  sulcus  \i.  e.,  that  separat- 
ing the  prozona  and  metazona] ;  lateral  lobes  generally  narrowed  in  passing  down- 
ward, rarely  longer  than  deep,  with  parallel  anterior  and  posterior  margins ;  tegmina 
generally  lacking  the  intercalary  vein,  the  anal  and  axillary  veins  generally  united  at 
a  greater  or  less  distance  from  the  base ;  arolia  generally  of  medium  size  or  large ; 
metasternal  lobes  not  or  but  slightly  separated Tryxalinae. 

Fastigium  of  vertex  generally  strongly  declivent,  slightly  or  very  slightly  prom- 
inent ;  front  not  or  very  slightly  oblique,  generally  vertical  or  subvertical ;  eyes 
generally  small  or  rather  small,  rarely  a  little  longer  than  the  infraocular  portion  of 
the  genae ;  antennae  linear  or  sublinear,  generally  inserted  above  the  middle  of  the 
eyes,  sometimes  almost  above  the  eyes  themselves  (plerumque  ante  medium,  interdum 
fere  ante  oculos).  Pronotum  furnished  with  a  median  carina  often  wholly  or  partly 
cristate,  the  metazona  typically  longer  than  the  prozona,  the  hind  margin  generally 
rectangulate  or  subrectangulate,  the  sulci  of  the  prozona  either  interrupted,  or  the 
anterior  sulcus  alone  continuous  and  bisecting  the  carina  or  crest,  rarely  both  con- 
tinuous, the  posterior  sulcus  recurved  and  frequently  confluent  with  the  principal 
sulcus ;  lateral  lobes  transverse  [i.  e.,  longer  than  deep]  or  subtransverse,  the  front 
and  hind  margins  parallel  or  subparallel ;  tegmina  generally  furnished  with  an  inter- 
calary vein,  the  anal  and  axillary  veins  frequently  running  free  to  the  margin ;  hind 
femora  generally  broad,  and  above  and  below  compressed ;  arolia  small ;  metasternal 
lobes  generally  somewhat  distant Oedipodinae. 

To  this  may  be  added  the  following  from  Brunner  (Riv.  syst.  Orthopt.,  102,  note)  :— 

The  distinction  between  the  Tryxalinae  and  Oedipodinae  is  somewhat  arbitrary  and 
rests  on  individual  perception  (1'estimation  personelle).  When,  however,  the  relative 
position  of  the  front  and  the  vertex  [on  which  he  rests  his  tabular  distinction]  leaves 
one  in  doubt,  the  presence  or  absence  of  foveolae  may  guide  one,  Tryxalinae  having 
in  this  case  very  distinct  foveolae,  while  in  the  Oedipodinae  they  are  effaced.  More- 
over the  species  here  taken  with  consideration,  when  they  are  Tryxalinae,  have  the 
mediastinal  and  scapular  areas  of  the  tegmina  regularly  reticulate  by  transverse 
veinlets;  while,  if  they  are  Oedipodinae,  these  areas  are  always  very  irregularly 
reticulated. 

See  also  McNeill's  paper  on  Tryxalinae  (pp.  181-182)  for  a  tabulation  of  differences 
between  the  Tryxalinae  and  Oedipodinae. 


24  GUIDE  TO    ORTHOPTERA 

Tettigiae. 

We  possess  representatives  of  half  the  known  genera  of  this 
group,  the  other  genera  belonging  mostly  to  the  Old  World. 

Genera  of  Tettigiae. 

a l.   Median  carina  of  pronotum  cristiform ;  superior  lateral  sinus 

(at  insertion    of   tegmina)    shallow,  not  nearly  so  deep  as  the 

inferior  sinus. Nomotettix  Morse. 

a2.   Median    carina  of   pronotum  low;  superior  lateral  sinus  of 

same  nearly  as  deep  as  the  inferior  sinus. 

b\   Vertex  of  fastigium  generally  broader  than  the  eyes,  pro- 
jecting beyond  them,  generally  angulate  anteriorly. 

Tettix  Charpentier. 

b 2.    Vertex  of  fastigium  narrower  than  the  eyes  and  not  pro- 
jecting beyond  them,  usually  truncate  anteriorly. 

Paratettix  Bolivar. 
All  these  genera  are  widely  distributed  in  our  country,  Tettix 

being   the   most   numerous   in   species,   followed   by  Paratettix. 

Monotettix  is  confined  to  North  America. 

Batrachideae. 

Only  two  of  the  seven  known  genera  of  this  group  occur  in  the 
United  States,  though  three  others  are  found  in  America. 

Genera  of  Batrachideae. 

a1.  Body  plump;  dorsum  of  pronotum  tumid,  smooth  or  slightly 
punctate,  with  no  antehumeral  lateral  carinae.  Paxilla  Bolivar. 
a 2.  Body  more  slender ;  dorsum  of  pronotum  more  or  less 
concave  between  the  carinae,  marked  with  longitudinal  rugae  and 
with  conspicuous  antehumeral  lateral  carinae. 

Tettigidea  Scudder. 

Paxilla  is  monotypic  and  known  only  from  Georgia ;  Tettigidea 
is  wide  spread,  extending  also  to  Central  and  South  America,  and 
has  several  species  in  the  United  States. 


ACRIDIIDAE  —  TRYXALINAE  2  5 

TRYXALINAE. 

This  subfamily  has  a  varied  development  in  the  United  States, 
where  at  least  thirty-five  genera  occur,  none  of  them  very  rich  in 
species,  though  most  of  the  genera  are  endemic. 

The  following  table  to  separate  them  is  copied  from  McNeill's 
just  published  Revision  of  our  Tryxalinae,  excepting  as  it  is 
altered  to  correct  some  slight  clerical  errors,  to  change  some 
generic  names,  to  include  the  genera  purposely  omitted  by  him, 
which  seem  to  me  (contrary  to  an  opinion  formerly  expressed  — 
Psyche,  v,  431  seq.)  to  belong  here,  and  to  omit  one  genus 
belonging  elsewhere.  The  order  and  alliance  of  genera  in  this 
table  (especially  as  here  altered)  leave  much  to  be  desired,  but 
the  construction  of  a  substitute  would  too  long  delay  the  publica- 
tion of  this  Guide,  which  has  been  awaiting  the  appearance  of 
Professor  McNeill's  paper  for  its  completion. 

Genera  of  Tryxalinae. 

a l.   Head  distinctly  longer  than  the  pronotum ;  eyes  very  oblique, 
nearly  horizontal ;  metasternal  lobes  contiguous. 

ft1.  Tegmina  very  much  shorter  than  the  abdomen;  spines  of 
posterior  tibiae  minute  and  numerous,  about  twenty-five. 

Rhadinotatum  McNeill. 

b 2.  Tegmina  exceeding  the  abdomen ;  spines  of  posterior 
tibiae  less  numerous,  about  sixteen.  Achurum  Saussure. 

a 2.    Head  sometimes  equalling,  never  exceeding,  the  pronotum 
in  length. 

b !.  Head  ascending,  more  or  less  conical,  the  occiput  elevated 
considerably  above,  or  inclined  upward  at  a  distinct  angle  with, 
the  pronotum. 

c1.   Head  as  viewed  laterally  strongly  ascending  or  greatly 
raised  above  the  pronotum. 

dl.  Upper  half  of  head  markedly  conical;  face  below 
fronto-vertical  process  subperpendicular ;  antennae  more 
than  half  as  long  as  tegmina. 

el.   Metazona  much  longer  than  prozona,  with  an  ele- 
vated crest.          .         .         .         Acrolophitus  Thomas. 


26  GUIDE  TO    ORTHOPTERA 

e 2.    Metazona  barely  longer  than  prozona,  only  slightly 
carinate.  ....  Acrocara  Scudder. 

d 2.    Upper  half  of  head  only  feebly  conical,  more  or  less 
tumid;     face    below    fronto-vertical    process     distinctly 
oblique ;   antennae  less  than  half  as  long  as  tegmina. 
el.    Vertex  of  the  head  forming  an  acute  angle  with 
the  face ;  tempora  nearly  plane  triangular  spaces. 

Bootettix  Bruner. 

e 2.   Vertex  of  the  head  forming  an  obtuse  angle  with 
the  face ;  tempora  impressed,  trapezoidal. 

Ligurotettix  McNeill. 

c 2.    Head  as  viewed  laterally  less,  though  distinctly,  ascend- 
ing. 

d1.  Antennae  much  longer  than  the  face  ;  lower  margin 
of  lateral  lobes  anteriorly  excised,  broadly  exposing  the 
pleura.  ....  Pedioscirtetes  Thomas. 

d2.  Antennae  shorter  than  the  face;  lower  margin  of  lat- 
eral lobes  nearly  horizontal  throughout,  scarcely  exposing 
the  pleura.  ....  Ch/mnes  Scudder. 

b 2.  Head  elevated  above  the  pronotum  at  most  only  by  the 
feeble  tumescence  of  the  occiput,  and  not  otherwise  forming 
any  angle  with  the  pronotum. 

c  \   Mesosternal  lobes  separated  by  a  space  almost  linear  in 

its  narrowest  part;   metasternal  lobes  approximate  in  both 

male  arid  female.          ....          Mermiria  Stal. 

c 2.   Mesosternal  lobes  separated  by  a  space  never  much  longer 

than  broad,  generally  broader  than  long ;  metasternal  lobes 

rarely  approximate  in  the  male,  very  rarely  in  the  female. 

d1.   Antennae  triquetrous,  or  strongly  depressed  at  the  base 

and  distinctly  acuminate ;  pronotum  with  the  lateral  lobes 

vertical  and  straight  and  the  lateral  carinae   not   at   all 

sinuate;    median   carina  of   the  pronotum  generally  cut 

much  behind  the  middle ;  the  disk  plain  and  unstriped. 

e l.   Tegmina   exceeding  the  abdomen  considerably  in 

both  sexes  (in  some  large  females  but  little);    lateral 

carinae  of  the  pronotum  quite  as  distinct  as  the  median  ; 

spurs  at  the  apex  of  the  posterior  tibiae  on  the  inner 

side  about  equal.        .         .         .        Tryxalis  Fabricius. 


ACRIDIIDAE  —  TRYXALINAE  2  7 

e2.   Tegmina  not  exceeding  the  abdomen  even  in  the 
male. 

y1.  Lateral  foveolae  of  the  vertex  linear  and  distinct ; 
tegmina  quite  unspotted ;  inner  spurs  of  posterior 
tibiae  equal.  .  .  .  Napaia  McNeill. 

/"2.    Lateral  foveolae  less  distinct  and  subtriangular  or 
obsolete ;  tegmina  more  or  less  distinctly  spotted  as 
well  as  the  face  and  pronotum ;   inner  tibial  spurs 
very  unequal,  the  longer  but  little  shorter  than  the 
first  tarsal  joint.          .         .         .          Opeia  McNeill. 
c?2.   Antennae   never   triquetrous,  sometimes   plainly  de- 
pressed basally  and   acuminate,  most  commonly  filiform, 
rarely  clavate ;   pronotum  with  the  lateral  lobes  less  dis- 
tinctly vertical,  with  the  lateral  carinae  very  rarely  quite 
straight,  but  gently  or  strongly  sinuate  near  the  middle ; 
median  carina  of  the  pronotum  generally  cut  in  or  not  far 
behind  the  middle. 

e  l.    Tempora  either  foveolate  or  plane,  not  visible  from 
above. 

fl.  Scutellum  of  the  vertex  with  a  distinct  median 
carina,  which  is  usually  a  coarse  raised  line  stronger 
anteriorly. 

gl.  Spurs  on  the  inner  side  of  posterior  tibiae  very 
unequal,  the  apical  spur  being  twice  as  long  as  the 
other. 

hl.  Antennae  depressed  basally  and  distinctly 
acuminate ;  no  supplementary  carinae  present 
either  upon  the  head  or  disk  of  the  pronotum. 

Pedeticum  McNeill. 

A2.   Antennae  depressed  apically  and  somewhat 

clavate ;    supplementary   carinae   accompanying 

the  median  carina  upon  either  the  head  or  the 

disk  of  the  pronotum.        .        Eritettix  Bruner. 

g 2.    Spurs  of  the  inner  side  of  the  posterior  tibiae 

about  equal  in  length. 

h l.  Spines  on  the  exterior  margin  of  the  pos- 
terior tibiae  19-21.  .  .  Syrbida  Stal. 


28  GUIDE   TO    ORTHOPTERA 

h 2.  Spines  on  the  exterior  margin  of  the  posterior 
tibiae  not  exceeding  15. 

11.  Median  carina  of  the  pronotum  cut  in  the 
middle  by  the  principal  sulcus. 

j  \  Color  striped  distinctly  or  obscurely ; 
scapular  area  of  the  tegmina  broader  than 
the  mediastinal  area. 

k 1.  Lateral  carinae  of  the  pronotum  obso- 
lete ;  median  carina  accompanied  by  a 
supplementary  pair  upon  the  disk. 

Amphitomus  McNeill. 
k  2.  Lateral  carinae  of  the  pronotum  pres- 
ent; median  carina  not  accompanied  by 
supplementary  carinae  on  the  disk. 

Acentetus  McNeill. 

j 2.  Color  plain  ;  scapular  area  of  the  tegmina 
not  broader  than  the  mediastinal  area. 

Amblytropidia  Stal. 

1 2.  Median  carina  of  the  pronotum  cut  much 
behind   the   middle   by   the   principal   sulcus. 

Chloealtis  Harris. 

f2.    Scutellum  of  the  vertex  with  no  distinct  median 
carina. 

g1.   Median    carina   of   the    pronotum    cut    much 

behind  the  middle  by  the  principal  sulcus. 

h 1.  Posterior  margin  of  the  metazona  angulate  ; 
tegmina  usually  much  shorter  than  the  abdomen, 
with  the  ulnar  area  not  very  much  wider  than  the 
discoidal  area.  .  Dichromorpha  Morse. 

A2.  Posterior  margin  of  the  metazona  rounded 
or  not  distinctly  angulate ;  tegmina  not  much 
shorter  than  the  abdomen,  with  the  ulnar  area 
very  wide  and  several  times  as  broad  as  the  dis- 
coidal area.  .  .  Glinocephalus  Morse. 

g2.   Median    carina  cut   near  the   middle    by   the 

principal  sulcus. 


ACRIDIIDAE  —  TRYXALINAE  29 

/i1.    Hind  tibiae  never  red.      .          Orphula  Stal. 
h 2.   Hind  tibiae  red. 

11.  Antennae    depressed    basally,    long    and 
acuminate ;  face  strongly  oblique. 

Alpha  Brunner. 

1 2.  Antennae  filiform ;  face  moderately  oblique 
in  the  male,  subperpendicular  in  the   female. 

Phlibostroma  Scudder. 

e 2.    Tempora  plain  or  foveolate,  visible  from  above  (in 
Mecostethus  small  or  minute,  triangular  and  basal ;  in 
this  case  the  intercalary  vein  is  very  strong) . 
f1.   The  vertex  is  not  bounded  in  front  by  a  raised 
line   and,  viewed  from  the  side,   does   not  form  an 
angle   with  the  face;   the  tempora  are  very  faintly 
impressed  spaces,  which  are  strongly  declivent ;  inter- 
calary vein  of  tegmina  wanting. 
g 1.    Tegmina  plain ;  lateral  carinae  of  the  pronotum 
very  little  sinuate.      .         .         Boopedon  Thomas. 
g 2.   Tegmina  distinctly  spotted ;  lateral  carinae  of 
the  pronotum  strongly  sinuate. 

Plectrotettix  McNeill. 

y2.  Vertex  bounded  in  front  by  a  raised  line;  viewed 
from  the  side  it  forms  a  more  or  less  distinct  angle 
with  the  face,  or  it  is  not  at  ah1  angulate. 

g 1.  Median  carina  of  the  pronotum  high  and  sharp, 
cut  by  the  principal  sulcus  in  or  plainly  in  front  of, 
the  middle ;  intercalary  vein  very  strong ;  apical 
spurs  on  inner  side  of  posterior  tibiae  subequal. 

Mecostethus  Fieber. 

g".  Median  carina  of  the  pronotum  rarely  cut 
plainly  in  front  of  the  middle,  and  in  this  case  it  is 
not  high  and  sharp,  or  the  intercalary  vein  is  not 
strong.  (In  Stirapleura  and  Psoloessa  the  inter- 
calary vein  is  present  but  not  very  strong  and  the 
inner  apical  spurs  of  the  posterior  tibiae  are  very 
unequal). 


30  GUIDE  TO    ORTHOPTERA 


hl.  Temporae  longate,  narrow,  from  two  to  four 
times  as  long  as  broad ;  apical  spur  on  inner  side 
of  posterior  tibiae  much  less  than  twice  as  long 
as  the  one  beside  it. 

11.  Antennae  filiform. 

j1.   Median  carina  of  the  pronotum  cut  in 
the  middle ;  posterior  margin  of  the  prono- 
tum plainly  more  angulate  than  the  anterior. 
Stenobothrus  Fischer. 

j'2.  Median  carina  of  the  pronotum  cut 
plainly  behind  the  middle ;  posterior  margin 
of  the  pronotum  not  more  angulate  than  the 
anterior.  .  .  JBruneria  McNeill. 

12.  Antennae  clavate. 

Gomphocerus  Thunberg. 

h 2.  Tempora  short,  little  longer  than  broad  or, 
when  twice  as  long  as  broad,  the  apical  spur  on 
the  inner  side  of  the  posterior  tibiae  is  twice  as 
long  as  the  one  beside  it. 

i l.  Posterior  margin  of  the  metazona  straight 
or  just  perceptibly  angulate ;  pronotum  shorter 
than  the  head,  which  is  very  large. 

Eupnigodes  McNeill. 

* 2.  Posterior  margin  of  the  metazona  distinctly 
or  strongly  angulate ;  pronotum  never  shorter 
than  the  head,  generally  plainly  longer  (viewed 
from  above). 

j l.  Median  carina  of  the  pronotum  cut  by 
principal  sulcus  behind  the  middle ;  vertex 
of  the  head  destitute  of  a  median  carina; 
posterior  margin  of  the  metazona  generally 
very  obtusely  angulate  or  rounded. 

kl.  Generally  larger  forms.  Median 
carina  of  prozona  cut  by  the  transverse 
sulci;  foveolae  of  male  vertex  triangular 
or  subtriangular  ;  hind  tibiae  blue ;  lower 


ACRIDIIDAE  —  TRYXALINAE  31 

apical  spur  of  inner  side  of  same  much 

less  than  half  as  long  again  as  upper  spur. 

Aulocara  Scudder. 

&2.  Generally  smaller  forms.  Median 
carina  of  prozona  not  cut  by  the  trans- 
verse sulci ;  foveolae  of  male  vertex  sub- 
equal,  rhomboidal ;  hind  tibiae  red ;  lower 
apical  spur  of  inner  side  of  same  fully  half 
as  long  again  as  upper  spur. 

Ageneotettix  McNeill. 

j2.  Median  carina  of  the  pronotum  cut  by 
principal  sulcus  more  or  less  plainly  in  front 
of  the  middle,  never  behind  ;  summit  of  the 
head  furnished  with  a  more  or  less  distinct 
median  carina,  which  sometimes  extends 
nearly  or  quite  to  the  tip  of  the  vertex,  and 
is  most  distinct  on  the  posterior  part  of  the 
scutellum;  posterior  part  of  the  metazona 
strongly  angulate. 

k\  Lateral  lobes  of  the  pronotum  fur- 
nished with  a  single  or  double  series  of 
short,  irregular,  and  sometimes  indistinct 
carinae  which  extend  from  about  the 
middle  of  the  anterior  margin  toward  or 
to  the  upper  posterior  angle  ;  also  with  a 
second  more  distinct,  low,  broad,  light- 
colored  carina  which  extends  from  the 
middle  of  each  lobe  toward  the  lower 
posterior  angle  ;  sometimes  this  carina  is 
distinct  only  at  the  anterior  end;  face 
nearly  perpendicular,  rarely  very  mod- 
erately inclined ;  frontal  costa  sulcate 
throughout,  acuminate  at  the  vertex  and 
regularly  divergent  below. 

Stirapleura  Scudder. 
k 2.  Lateral  lobes  of  the  pronotum  desti- 
tute of  carinae  ;  face  distinctly  and  con- 


32  GUIDE   TO    ORTHOPTERA 

siderably  oblique ;  frontal  costa  not 
sharply  acuminate  above  and  scarcely 
sulcate  at  any  point.  Psoloessa  Scudcler. 

Excepting  Mermiria,  the  first  thirteen  of  these  genera,  as  well 
as  Acentetus,  Amblytropidia,  Clinocephalus,  Phlibostroma,  Plec- 
trotettix  and  Bruneria,  or  more  than  half  the  total,  are  only 
known  in  our  country  by  single  species  ;  the  others  have  from 
two  to  six  each,  and  Orphula  probably  more  than  that.  Orphula 
appears  to  be  the  only  genus  spread  over  the  entire  country ;  some 
are  so  far  known  only  from  a  single  state,  as  Rhadinotatum 
and  Pedeticum  from  Florida,  Acentetus  from  Colorado,  Acrocara 
from  Idaho  and  Pedioscirtetes  from  Nevada.  Clinocephalus  is 
confined  to  the  Atlantic  States,  Tryxalis  (Metaleptea  Brunner) 
to  the  region  east  of  the  Great  Plains  ;  Psoloessa  is  known  only 
from  the  extreme  south,  from  Texas  westward,  Achurum  and 
Bootettix  in  the  extreme  southwest.  The  great  plains  east  of 
the  Rocky  Mts.  are  characterized  by  Opeia,  Phlibostroma  (Beta 
Brunner),  Boopedon  and  Acrolophitus,  while  they  share  with 
the  region  to  the  west  of  them,  as  far  as  the  Sierras  or  even 
the  coast,  the  genera  Stirapleura  (Pseudostauronotus  Brunner), 
Alpha,  Amphitornus,  Mermiria,  Aulocara  (Oedocara  Scudder, 
Coloradella  Brunner)  and  Ageneotettix  (Eremnus  McNeill). 
Gomphocerus  is  found  in  the  same  region,  but  only  in  its  northern 
portions.  Chloealtis,  Dichromorpha,  Mecostethus  and  Steno- 
bothrus  are  also  found  in  the  northern  half  of  our  country  (and 
in  Canada)  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Rocky  Mts.  or  even  to  the 
Sierras,  while  an  equivalent  southern  district  is  inhabited  by 
Amblytropidia,  Syrbula  and  Eritettix.  Finally,  the  genera  Liguro- 
tettix,  Gymnes,  Xapaia,  Plectrotettix  (Plectrophorus  McNeill), 
Bruneria  (Brunneria  McNeill)  and  Eupnigodes  (Pnigodes  Mc- 
Neill)  are  confined  to  the  Pacific  coast. 

OEDIPODINAE. 

This  is  one  of  the  prevailing  groups  of  Acridiidae  in  the  United 
States,  and  especially  in  the  western  half  of  the  continent.  Two 
of  the  tribes  occur,  the  Thrincini  being  unknown.  Our  genera 
are  in  large  part  indigenous. 


ACRIDIIDAE  —  OEDIPODINAE  33 

Tribes  of  Oedipodinae. 

a1.   Outer  margin  of  hind  tibiae  with  no  apical  spine  next  the 
spurs.         ........          Oedipodini. 

a'2.  Outer  margin  of  hind  tibiae  with  an  apical  spine  next  the 
spurs.  ........  Eremobiini. 

Oedipodini. 

This  tribe  is  very  varied  in  type,  no  less  than  twenty-three 
genera  occurring  in  the  United  States,  out  of  the  sixty  odd 
recorded  by  Saussure  from  the  whole  world.  All  our  genera  are 
neogeic  and  in  large  part  confined  to  the  United  States  or  shared 
only  with  Mexico. 

Genera  of  Oedipodini. 

A  l.  Interspace  between  the  metasternal  foramina  linear,  or  dis- 
tinctly longer  than  broad  in  the  male,  narrower  than  the  inter- 
space between  the  mesosternal  lobes  in  the  female. 

b  \  Tegmina  subcoriaceous,  densely  and  irregularly  reticulate, 
only  at  the  apex  remotely  (but  scarcely  regularly)  areolate ; 
the  intercalary  vein  nearer  the  median  than  the  ulnar  vein ; 
wings  brightly  colored,  red  or  yellow  at  base ;  none  of  the 
veins  incrassate  and  no  costal  stigma ;  ulnar  area  not  notice- 
ably dilated. Arphia  Stal. 

b 2.  Nearly  the  whole  apical  half  of  the  tegmina,  at  least  in  the 
discoidal  field,  membranaceous,  traversed  by  straight  veinlets ; 
the  intercalary  distant  from  the  median  vein  ;  wings  with 
dilute  coloring,  nebulous  ;  the  veins  next  the  costal  margin  and 
frequently,  in  the  male,  the  median  vein  incrassate ;  costa  with 
a  dusky  stigrna  ;  ulnar  area  dilated,  with  remotely  scalariform 
venation. 

c1.  The  intercalary  vein  of  the  tegmina  running  midway 
between  the  median  and  ulnar  veins,  only  apically  a  little 
approximating  the  former;  veins  of  the  wings  slightly  or 
scarcely  incrassate.  .  .  Chortophaga  Saussure. 

c  2.  The  intercalary  vein  of  the  tegmina  distinctly  nearer  the 
ulnar  than  the  median  vein;  the  veins  of  the  wings  referred 
to  (under  £2 )  distinctly  incrassate  in  the  male. 


34  GUIDE  TO    ORTHOPTERA. 

d1.  Antennae  very  short,  stout;  head  compressed,  the 
fastigium  prominent,  angulate.  Chimarocephala  Scudder. 
d'2.  Antennae  rather  long,  slender ;  head  subtumid,  rotun- 
date,  the  fastigium  in  the  female  anteriorly  obtuse. 

Encoptolophus  Scudder. 

A2.   Interspace  between  the  metasternal  foramina  rather  broad, 
in  the  male  quadrate,  in  the  female  transverse. 

b l.    Lateral  canthi   of  the  metazona  traversing  the  principal 
sulcus    (where  they  are  frequently  cristulate  or  rugose),  not 
intersected  by  that  sulcus  (or  only  in  individual  cases);  princi- 
pal sulcus  more  or  less  obsolete  or  delicate  in  the  lateral  lobes. 
c l.   Carina  of  pronotum  conspicuous ;  tegmina  with  moder- 
ately dense  reticulation,  at  least  the  apical  third  remotely  and 
quadrately  reticulated. 

dl.  Smaller  forms.  Pronotum  not  rugose ;  wings  sub- 
vitreous,  the  area  of  the  median  forks  obscurely  divided  or 
with  only  one  row  of  areoles.  .  .  Camnula  Stal. 
d2.  Larger  forms.  Pronotum  rugose ;  wings  colored,  the 
area  of  the  median  forks  divided  for  the  larger  part  by  a 
spurious  vein,  and  so  biareolate.  HRppiscus  Saussure. 

c2.  Carina  of  pronotum  very  slight;  nearly  the  whole  of  the 
tegmina  densely  reticulate  and  coriaceous,  only  membrana- 
ceous  or  subvitreous  at  extreme  tip. 

d1.  Less  stout ;  mesosternum  only  a  little  broader  than  the 
head ;  tegmina  extending  well  beyond  tip  of  abdomen,  the 
intercalary  vein  distinct  throughout  and  everywhere  very 
much  nearer  the  median  than  the  ulnar  vein ;  transverse 
fascia  of  wings  with  no  subcostal  taenia ;  posterior  process 
of  pronotum  acutangulate.  .  .  Leprus  Saussure. 
d2.  Exceptionally  stout;  mesosternum  fully  half  as  broad 
again  as  head ;  tegmina  leaving  tip  of  abdomen  exposed, 
the  intercalary  vein  more  or  less  obscure  proximally  and 
only  a  little  nearer  the  median  than  the  ulnar  vein ;  trans- 
verse fascia  of  wings  with  distinct  subcostal  taenia ; 
posterior  process  of  pronotum  rectangulate. 

Agymnastus  Scudder. 


OF  THE 

|   UNIVERSITY    1 

V  'v  7 

X^: 

ACRIDIID  AE  —  OEDIPODINAE  3  5 

b 2.  Lateral  canthi  of  the  metazona  typically  intersected  by  the 
principal  sulcus,  often  vanishing  anterior  to  that ;  principal 
sulcus  distinctly  developed  on  the  lateral  lobes. 

c  l.    Pronotal  carina  entire  or  intersected  by  but  one  sulcus. 
dl.    Pronotum  with  a  very  high  foliaceous  crest. 

Tropidolophus  Thomas. 

<1~.    Pronotum  crested  or  carinate,  but  not  excessively. 
e l.    Body  slender,  compressed ;  lateral  foveolae  of  the 
head  trigonal,  short. 

fl.    The   whole   of   the  apical  third  of  the  tegmina, 
even  next  the  costal  margin,  membranaceous. 

(j 1.  The  intercalary  vein  of  the  tegmina  very  dis- 
tinct, retroarcuate,  rather  remote  from  the  median 
vein,  nearly  intermediate  between  it  and  the  ulnar ; 
the  anterior  intercalary  area,  therefore,  rather  broad ; 
wings  conspicuously  marked,  but  not  banded. 

Dissosteira  Scudder. 

g 2.  The  intercalary  vein  of  the  tegmina  more  or 
less  distinct,  hardly  arcuate,  nearer  the  median 
than  the  ulnar  vein ;  the  anterior  intercalary  area, 
therefore,  narrow,  densely  coriaceous  ;  wings  with  a 
fuscous  arcuate  median  band. 

h  l.  Tegmina  rather  broad,  the  intercalary  vein 
more  or  less  flexuous ;  pronotal  crest  anteriorly 
elevated,  profoundly  intersected,  arcuate  on  the 
metazona  as  seen  laterally. 

Spharagemon  Scudder. 

h 2.  Tegmina  very  narrow,  the  intercalary  vein 
straight,  subobsolete ;  pronotal  crest  low,  straight 
as  seen  laterally,  not  deeply  intersected. 

Scirtettica  Saussure. 

/2.    The  apical  membranaceous  portion  of  the  tegmina 
oblique,  the  costal  margin  coriaceous. 

T^actista  Saussure. 

e2.   Body   rather  stout;    lateral   foveolae   of   the  head 
lanceolate.      .  Tomonotus  Saussure. 


36  GUIDE   TO    ORTHOPTERA 

c 2.    Pronotum  or  pronotal  carina  twice  intersected  by  trans- 
verse sulci. 

dl.   Pronotal  carina  percurrent,  not  obliterated  between 
the  sulci. 

e l.  Pronotum  cristate  anteriorly ;  tegmina  generally 
membranaceous  over  most  of  the  apical  half. 
fl.  Lateral  lobes  of  the  pronotum  posteriorly  rec- 
tangulate  or  obtusangulate,  the  posterior  margin 
descending  obliquely  forward ;  their  metazonal  por- 
tion, posterior  to  the  typical  sulcus,  thereby  narrowed 
inferiorly;  prozona  posteriorly  scutellate  on  disk; 
vertex  of  head  with  a  transverse  carinula  on  either 
side  next  the  eyes.  .  .  Derotmema  Scudder. 
/'2.  Posterior  portion  of  the  lateral  lobes  of  the  pro- 
notum of  equal  width  throughout. 

g l.  Inferior  margin  of  lateral  lobes  oblique,  the  pos- 
terior angle  thereby  acute  or  posteriorly  produced. 
h  l.  Lateral  canthi  of  the  metazona  terminating 
at  the  principal  sulcus,  or,  if  continued,  it  is  in  a 
different  course  ;  prozona  posteriorly  scutellate  on 
disk ;  inferior  margin  of  lateral  lobes  straight,  the 
posterior  concave ;  tegmina  fasciate  or  maculate  ; 
head  tumid,  the  frontal  costa  moderately  con- 
stricted. .  .  .  Mestobregma  Scudder. 
h 2.  Lateral  canthi  of  the  metazona  acute,  passing 
in  the  same  course  beyond  the  principal  sulcus. 

11.  Disk  of  prozona  not  posteriorly  scutellate  ; 
inferior   margin  of  the   lateral  lobes   straight 
or  arcuate,   the   posterior  concave,   the  angle 
slightly  produced  posteriorly ;  frontal  costa  of 
head  very  strongly  compressed ;  proximal  half 
of  tegmina  densely  coriaceous.    Psinidia  Stal. 

12.  Disk  of  prozona  more   or  less   distinctly 
scutellate   posteriorly ;    lower   margin  of   the 
lateral  lobes  straight  and  oblique,  the  posterior 
margin    nearly  straight,  the    angle   produced 


ACRIDIIDAE  —  OEDIPODINAE  3  7 

inferiorly ;  head  narrow,  its  frontal  costa  mod- 
erately constricted ;  tegmina  densely  reticulate, 
fasciate  on  the  costal  margin,  only  the  distal 
third  membranaceous.          Oonozoa  Saussure. 
</ 2.    Inferior  margin  of  lateral  lobes  horizontal,  but 
anteriorly  oblique,  the  posterior  angle  rounded  rec- 
tangulate  ;  disk  of  prozona  scarcely  or  not  scutel- 
late   posteriorly,  the    distal  third  of   the   tegmina 
membranaceous. 

h 1.   Radiate  veins  of  anal  field  of  wings  normal. 

Trimerotropis  Stal. 

A2.   Radiate   veins  of   anal  field  of   wings   dis- 
tinctly incrassate.         . .         Circotettix  Scudder. 
e 2.   Pronotum  delicately  carinulate ;    tegmina  densely 
coriaceo-reticulate,  only   the   distal   fourth    membrana- 
ceous. ....  Hadrotettix  Scudder. 

e?2.   Pronotal  carina  obliterated  between  the  sulci. 

e l.    Only  the  proximal  third  of  tegmina  densely  reticu- 
late and  coriaceous  ;   intercalary  vein  distinctly  devel- 
oped.        .....          Anconia  Scudder. 

e2.   Fully  the  proximal  two-thirds  of  tegmina  densely 
reticulate  and  coriaceous ;    intercalary  vein  lacking  or 
indistinct.         ....         Heliastus  Saussure. 

The  richest  of  these  genera  are  Hippiscus  with  nearly  forty 
species,  Arphia  and  Trimerotropis,  each  with  about  twenty,  Mes- 
tobregma  (Trachyrachys  Scudder)  with  eight  or  ten,  and  Sphara- 
gemon  with  nearly  as  many ;  all  these  genera  occur  everywhere, 
excepting  Mestobregma,  which  is  found  only  in  the  west,  where 
the  others  are  also  more  numerous  in  species.  Circotettix  with 
about  half  a  dozen  species  occurs  only  in  the  north,  but  from 
Atlantic  to  Pacific.  Other  genera  which  range  over  the  whole 
country  or  nearly  so  are  Chortophaga  and  Dissosteira  with  two 
or  three  species  each.  Chimarocephala,  Agymnastus  and  Lac- 
tista,  each  with  about  two  species,  are  confined  to  California ; 
Encoptolophus,  Scirtettica  and  Psinidia,  with  two  or  three  species 
each,  to  the  eastern  half  of  the  continent ;  Cammula  with  a  single 


38  GUIDE   TO    ORTHOPTEKA 

species  ranges  across  the  continent  near  the  northern  boundary  of 
the  United  States ;  Leprus  with  two  species  occurs  in  California, 
Texas  and  Colorado ;  Tomonotus  with  two  species  in  Texas  ; 
Anconia  and  Heliastus,  with  two  or  three  species  each,  in  Cali- 
fornia, Arizona,  southern  Utah  and  New  Mexico.  The  other 
genera,  with  from  one  to  four  species  each  but  ordinarily  with 
only  one  or  two,  are  confined  to  the  high  plateau  region  of  the 
western  Cordilleras.  Nearly  half  of  our  genera  occur  also  in 
Mexico,  often  with  more  numerous  species.  Other  uncharacter- 
ized  genera  also  occur  in  our  territory. 

Eremobiini. 

Three  only  out  of  the  fourteen  known  genera  of  this  tribe 
occur  in  the  United  States,  and  only  one  of  these  is  peculiar  to  it. 

Genera  of  JEremobiini. 

a 1.   Body  stout  but  subcylindric,  more  compressed  than  depressed, 
normal  or  subnormal ;  hind  femora  normally  elongate,  much  more 
than  half  as  long  as  the  body,  above  smooth,  simply  carinate. 
b  *.   Intraocular  space  more  than  twice  the  breadth  of  the  eyes 
as  seen  from  above  ;  pronotum  rather  gently  narrowing  from 
behind  forward,  sharply  carinate,  posteriorly  truncate,  the  lat- 
eral lobes  rapidly  and  greatly  narrowing  inferiorly ;    tegmina 
lobif orm,  lateral ;    wings  rudimentary ;    hind  legs  excessively 
stout,  the  femora  scarcely  compressed  ;  arolia  very  large. 

Brachystola  Scudder. 

b  2.    Intraocular  space  narrower  than  the  width  of  the  eyes  as 
seen  from  above  ;  pronotum  rapidly  narrowing  from  behind  for- 
ward, feebly  carinulate,  with  blunt  lateral  rugae,  the  lateral  lobes 
subequal  in  width  throughout ;  tegmina  and  wings  fully  devel- 
oped ;  hind  legs  normal ;  arolia  minute.       Tytthotyle  Scudder. 
a  2.    Body  gross,  short,  subfusiform,  more  depressed  than  com- 
pressed ;  hind  femora  exceptionally  broad  and  only  half  as  long 
as  the  body,  compressed,  above  tuberculate  and  laminato-carinate. 

Haldemanella  Saussure. 

These  genera  are  western  and  particularly  southwestern,  and 
have  one  or  two  species  each,  in  our  territory. 


ACRIDIIDAE  —  ACRIDIINAE  39 

ACKIDIINAE. 

This  subfamily  is  richly  represented  in  the  United  States,  as 
compared  for  instance  with  Europe,  but  poorly  endowed  as  com- 
pared with  other  parts  of  the  world.  The  groups  found  with  us 
appear  in  the  following  table  :  — 

Groups  of  Acridiinae. 

A 1.   Hind  tibiae  furnished  above  with  an  apical  spine  on  both 
sides. 

b1.   Hind  tibiae  armed  with  strong  spines,  those  on  the  inner 
margin  much  longer  than  those  on  the  outer.         Tropidonoti. 
b*.   Hind  tibiae  armed  with  moderate  spines,  of  similar  length 
on  the  inner  and  outer  margins. 

c 1.   Fastigium  of  vertex  subtriangularly  acuminate ;  frontal 
costa  compressed. 

d 1.   Pronotum  tectif orm,  the  front  margin  subtriangularly 
produced,  the  median  carina  elevated  throughout. 

Taeniopodae. 

d'2.   Pronotum  plane  above,  the  front  margin  truncate  or 
emarginate,  the  median  carina  lacking  on  the  prozona,  but 
little  elevated  on  the  metazona.         .         .         JRhomaleae. 
c  '2.  Fastigium  of  vertex  obtuse ;  frontal  costa  neither  com- 
pressed nor  sulcate.  ....          Tropidacres. 

A 2.    Hind  tibiae  with  no  apical  spine  on  the  outer  side. 

b l.    Face  very  oblique ;  f astigium  of  vertex  prominent,  more  or 
less  acuminate. 

c1.   Hind  tibiae  not  expanded  apically,  the   outer  margins 
rounded.  .......         Mesopes. 

c2.   Hind  tibiae  expanded  apically,  the  outer  margins  acute. 

Leptysmae. 

b'2.   Face  nearly  vertical;  f  astigium  of  vertex  not  prolonged, 
apically  obtuse. 

c1.   Mesosternal  lobes  longer  than  broad,  the  inner  margin 

straight.  Acridia. 

c2.   Mesosternal  lobes  transverse  or  equally  long  and  broad, 
the  inner  margin  usually  rounded. 


40  GUIDE   TO    ORTHOPTERA 

d1.   Hind  tibiae  armed  on  exterior  margin  with  at  least 
nine  spines  *......         Melanopli. 

d2.   Hind   tibiae  with   six  to    eight   spines  only   on   the 
exterior  margin. Dactyloti. 

Tropidonoti. 

Our  only  representative  of  this  group  is  the  genus  Dracotettix 
Bruner,  with  a  superficial  resemblance  to  the  Pyrgomorphinae, 
and  of  which  two  species  occur  in  the  southern  portion  of  our 
Pacific  coast  in  California  and  Arizona. 

Taeniopodae. 

Dictyophorus  Thunberg  is  our  only  genus,  the  two  known 
species  of  which  occur  in  our  extreme  southern  states. 

RJiomaleae. 

A  single  species  of  Rhomalea  Burmeister,  a  tropical  genus, 
occurs  in  Texas. 

Tropidacres. 

Of  the  gigantic  forms  in  this  group,  Tropidacris  Scudder  is  the 
only  one  which  extends  north  into  our  territory;  a  single  species 
is  found  in  Texas  and  has  even  been  reported  as  far  north  as 
Nebraska. 

Mesopes. 

Our  only  representative  of  this  small  group  is  Pseudopomala 
Morse,  with  two  or  three  species  in  the  northern  half  of  our 
country  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Leptysmae. 

This  is  an  American  group,  consisting  of  only  two  genera,  dis- 
tinguished below. 

*  There  are  occasional  individual  exceptions  to  this,  where,  as  by  accident  as  it 
were,  only  eight  spines  are  present  on  one  or  both  tibiae. 


ACRIDIIDAE  —  ACRIDIINAE  41 

Genera  of  Leptysmae. 

a l.  Head  slightly  shorter  than  the  pronotum ;  fastigium  of 
moderate  size,  with  margins  less  compressed  than  in  the  alternate 

category. Arnilia  Stal. 

a2.  Head  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  pronotum,  strongly 
exserted ;  fastigium  large,  horizontal,  noticeably  narrowed  anteri- 
orly, the  margins  compressed,  at  least  before  the  middle. 

Leptysma  Stal. 

These  genera  occur  in  the  extreme  southern  states  along  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico  and  have  one  or  two  species  each. 

Acridia. 

The  only  recognized  genus  is  Schistocerca  Stal,  with  numerous 
species  widely  spread  over  the  United  States.  The  species  need 
careful  revision. 

Melanopli. 

This  group  has  its  highest  development  in  America  and  espe- 
cially in  North  America ;  its  single  Old  World  genus  occurs  in 
the  north  temperate  region  of  Europe  and  Asia  and  is  not  pecu- 
liar to  it  but  shared  with  North  America,  the  half  dozen  genera 
not  found  in  our  territory  being  exclusively  Central  and  South 
American. 

Genera  of  Melanopli. 

A l.  Lateral  margins  of  subgenital  plate  (last  ventral  segment) 
of  male,  as  seen  laterally,  straight  throughout  or  very  slightly 
convex,  never  at  all  abruptly  ampliate  at  the  base. 

b l.   Body  exceptionally  slender ;   mesosternal  lobes   subattin- 
gent  in  both  sexes  ;  prozona  three  times  as  long  as  metazona. 

Gymnoscirtetes  Brunei*. 

b  2.  Body  not  exceptionally  slender  ;  mesosternal  lobes  in  both 
|  \  sexes  so  widely  separated  that  the  interspace  between  them  is 
at  most  twice  as  long  as  broad  ;  prozona  not  more  than  twice 
as  long  as  metazona. 

c l.   Interspace  between  mesosternal  lobes  of  female  decidedly 
transverse,  sometimes  twice  as  broad  as  long ;  of  male  some- 


42  GUIDE    TO    ORTHOPTERA 

times  transverse,  sometimes  quadrate  or  subquadrate  ;  teg- 
mina  lobiform,  linear,  or  wanting. 

dl.  Apical  tubercle  of  subgenital  plate  small,  extending 
but  a  short  distance  beyond  the  supraanal  plate ;  cerci  of 
male  abruptly  narrowed  before  the  middle  by  excision  of 
the  inferior  margin,  the  apical  half  narrow ;  lateral  carinae 
of  pronotum  wholly  wanting.  Phaedrotettix  Scudder. 
d'2.  Nearly  the  whole  subgenital  plate  forming  a  blunt 
conical  tubercle  projecting  some  distance  beyond  the 
supraanal  plate ;  cerci  of  male  forming  broad,  apically 
decurved,  subfalcate  laminae ;  lateral  carinae  of  pronotum 
more  or  less  distinct.  .  .  Conakaea  Scudder. 

c  .  Interspace  between  mesosternal  lobes  of  female  gener- 
ally longer  than  broad,  sometimes  quadrate,  rarely  feebly 
transverse ;  of  male  never  at  all  transverse ;  tegmina 
variable. 

d1.  Tegmina  never  fully  developed,  rarely  as  long  as  the 
pronotum,  lateral  and  ovate  or  linear,  or  wholly  wanting ; 
hind  margin  of  pronotum  distinctly  truncate ;  fore  and 
middle  femora  of  male  distinctly  more  gibbous  than  in  the 
female. 

e  \  Furcula  of  male  wanting,  or  forming  a  pair  of 
brief  lobes,  at  most  no  longer  than  broad. 
fl.  Tegmina  lobiform  ;  subgenital  plate  of  male  pro- 
truding beyond  the  tip  of  the  supraanal  plate  by  less 
than  half  the  length  of  the  latter ;  cerci  of  male  com- 
pressed, subequal,  the  tip  broad. 

Ulidbdotettix  Scudder. 

f2.  Tegmina  linear ;  subgenital  plate  of  male  pro- 
truding beyond  the  tip  of  the  supraanal  plate  by 
much  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  latter;  cerci 
of  male  tapering  from  the  base,  the  tip  acuminate. 

Cydocercus  Scudder. 

e2.  Furcula  of  male  consisting  of  a  pair  of  parallel, 
attingent,  cylindrical  processes,  generally  at  least  twice 
as  long  as  broad.  .  .  Paraidemona  Brunner. 


ACRIDIID  AE  —  ACRIDIINAE  4  3 

d2.  Tegmina  fully  developed  or  abbreviate,  never  much 
if  any  shorter  than  the  pronotum ;  hind  margin  of  pro- 
notum  distinctly  angulate  ;  fore  and  middle  femora  scarcely 
more  gibbous  in  the  male  than  in  the  female  (except  in 
some  species  of  Campylacantha) . 

e1.  Head  not  prominent,  the  summit  very  slightly 
arched  longitudinally  ;  prosternal  spine  erect ;  furcula 
of  male  composed  of  projecting  cylindrical  fingers  ;  sur- 
face of  body  very  feebly  pilose.  Ilypochlora  Brunner. 
e2 .  Head  prominent,  the  summit  strongly  arched  longi- 
tudinally ;  prosternal  spine  more  or  less  retrorse  ;  fur- 
cula of  male  reduced  to  slight  scarcely  projecting  lobes  ; 
surface  of  the  body  rather  densely  pilose. 

Campylacantha  Scudder. 

A  2.   Lateral  margins  of  subgenital  plate  of  male  suddenly  ampliate 
to  a  considerable  degree  at  the  base  ;  or  if  not  to  a  considerable 
degree,  then  the  entire  margin  rather  strongly  convex  or  sinuate. 
61.    Subgenital  plate  of  male  furnished  with  a  distinct  sub- 
apical  tubercle  (i.  e.,  one  in  which  the  apical  margin  does  not 
pass  through  and  form  a  part  of  the  summit  of  the  tubercle, 
but  where  it  is  distinctly  separated  from  the  summit) ,  but  not 
otherwise  tumescent  (see  note  under  A 2  b 2) . 

c l.  Median  carina  of  pronotum  well  developed  and  equally 
developed  throughout,  accompanied  on  the  front  of  the  pro- 
zona  by  distinct  lateral  carinae  ;  prosternal  spine  sharply 
acuminate ;  tubercle  of  subgenital  plate  directed  wholly 
backward,  occupying  the  middle  of  the  terminal  portion  of 
the  plate  ;  furcula  distinctly  developed.  Eotettix  Scudder. 
c 2.  Median  carina  of  pronotum  feebly  developed  and  gener- 
ally much  more  feebly  on  the  prozona  than  on  the  metazona, 
accompanied  by  no  lateral  carinae  whatever ;  prosternal 
spine  bluntly  acuminate  ;  tubercle  of  subgenital  plate  directed 
upward,  or  upward  and  backward,  occupying  the  upper 
extremity  of  the  terminal  portion  of  the  plate. 

dl.  Body  relatively  slender  and  compressed,  not  much 
enlarged  at  the  metathorax,  particularly  in  the  male  ;  disk 


44  GUIDE    TO    ORTHOPTERA 

of  the  pronotum  tectiform,*  the  prozona  not  distinguished 
from  the  metazona  either  by  its  plane  or  by  any  lack  of  a 
median  carina,  which  latter  is  generally  marked  in  color  ; 
pronotum  fully  half  as  long  again  as  broad  ;  hind  femora 
long  and  slender ;  apical  tubercle  of  male  abdomen  prom- 
inent ;  furcula  present  as  distinctly  projecting  lobes ;  ter- 
minal segments  of  female  abdomen  not  abbreviated,  the 
ovipositor  fully  exserted.  .  Hesperotettix  Scudder. 
d2.  Body  relatively  short  and  stout,  considerably  enlarged 
at  the  metathorax  even  in  the  male;  disk  of  pronotum 
generally  convex  transversely ;  the  prozona  slightly  and 
independently  tumid  with  no  median  carina,  thus  dis- 
tinguishing it  from  the  metazona  ;  f  hind  femora  relatively 
short  and  stout ;  apical  tubercle  of  male  abdomen  not  very 
prominent ;  furcula  scarcely  or  not  apparent ;  terminal 
segments  of  female  abdomen  abbreviated,  the  ovipositor 
only  partially  exserted.  .  .  Aeoloplus  Scudder. 
b 2.  Subgenital  plate  of  male  with  no  distinct  subapical  tubercle, 
but  often  apically  prolonged  or  tumescent.  $ 

c  \  Meso-  and  metastethium  together,  in  both  sexes,  no 
longer  or  scarcely  longer  than  broad  ;  metastethium  narrow- 
ing but  little  posteriorly,  so  that  the  portion  behind  the 
metasternal  lobes  is  but  little  narrower  than  the  rest,  rarely 
(in  the  male)  less  than  three-fourths  its  width  ;  cerci  of  male 
very  simple,  subconical,  straight ;  ovipositor  half  concealed. 

JSradynotes  Scudder. 

c2.  Meso-  and  metastethium  together,  at  least  in  the  male 
and  nearly  always  in  both  sexes,  distinctly  longer  than  the 
width  of  the  metastethium ;  the  latter  rapidly  narrowing 
posteriorly,  so  that  the  portion  behind  the  metasternal  lobes 
is  not,  or  is  hardly  more  than,  one  half  the  greatest  width  of 
the  metastethium  ;  cerci  of  male  variable ;  ovipositor  gen- 
erally fully  exserted. 

*  This  feature  is  not  so  apparent  in  some  species  as  in  others. 

t  This  feature  is  less  marked  in  some  species  than  in  others. 

$  There  is  a  minute  subapical  tubercle  in  some  species  of  the  flabellif er  group  of 
Melanoplus,  but  in  these  the  male  cerci  are  exceptionally  broad ;  while  in  the  species 
of  the  alternate  category  (A2  b1)  they  are  very  slender  and  tapering. 


ACRIDIIDAE— ACRIDIINAE  45 

dl.  Interspace  between  mesosternal  lobes  of  male  dis- 
tinctly transverse,  *  as  broad  or  nearly  as  broad  as  the 
lobes  themselves;  of  the  female  distinctly  or  strongly 
transverse,  fully  as  broad  as  or  (and  generally)  broader 
than  the  lobes ;  metasternal  lobes  of  male  generally  dis- 
tinctly distant,  occasionally  approximate;  of  the  female 
generally  more  distant,  the  interspace  in  the  latter  gener- 
ally as  wide  as  or  wider  than  the  frontal  costa ;  tegmina 
typically  abbreviate. 

e 1.  Face  almost  vertical ;  eyes  small  but  prominent  and 
widely  distant;  pronotum  constricted  in  the  middle, 
with  deeply  impressed  transverse  sulci,  and  the  lateral 
lobes  not  obliquely  truncate  apically  in  front ;  distinct 
lateral  carinae.  .  .  .  Dendrotettix  Riley. 
e 2.  Face  a  little  oblique ;  eyes  rather  large,  not  very 
prominent  and  not  very  distant ;  pronotum  not,  or  but 
feebly,  constricted  in  the  middle,  with  generally  feebly 
impressed  transverse  sulci,  and  the  lateral  lobes  obliquely 
truncate  apically  on  the  anterior  section. 

Podisma  Latreille. 

d'2.  Interspace  between  mesosternal  lobes  generally  longer 
or  much  longer  than  broad  in  the  male,  almost  never  in 
the  least  broader  than  long  even  when  the  sides  of  the 
interspace  are  posteriorly  divergent ;  generally  quadrate 
in  the  female,  but  more  variable  than  in  the  other  sex, 
sometimes  as  narrow  as  there,  more  often  subtrans verse, 
occasionally  in  some  brachypterous  forms  distinctly  trans- 
verse ;  in  both  sexes  always  distinctly,  generally  much, 
narrower  than  the  lobes  (except  in  the  females  of  the  cases 
just  cited,  where  they  are  barely  narrower);  metasternal 
lobes  of  male  generally  attingent  or  subattingent,  rarely 
only  approximate ;  of  the  female  less  distant  than  in  the 
alternate  category  (A2  b2  'cl  J1),  generally  approximate, 
or  subapproximate,  the  interspace  generally  narrower  than 
the  frontal  costa ;  typically  the  tegmina  are  completely 
developed. 

*  In  many  cases  the  interspace  is  truncate-cuneiform  or  broadly  clepsydral,  in 
which  cases  the  breadth  is  to  be  measured  in  the  middle. 


46  GUIDE    TO    ORTHOPTERA 

e1.  Face  almost  vertical  or  a  little  oblique,  its  angle 
with  the  fastigium  rarely  less  than  75° ;  eyes  rounded 
oval,  never  more  (generally  less)  than  half  as  long  again 
as  broad  ;  portion  of  metasternum  lying  behind  the  lobes 
transverse,  more  than  twice  as  broad  as  long  ;  tegmina 
normally  present. 

f1.  Fastigium  of  vertex  plane  or  convex ;  eyes  sepa- 
rated widely,  the  space  between  them  twice  as  broad 
as  the  frontal  costa ;  pronotum  furnished  with  distinct 
percurrent  lateral  carinae  ;  tegmina  abbreviate ;  cerci 
apically  acuminate.  .  Paratylotropidia  Brunner. 
f*.  Fastigium  of  vertex  more  or  less  depressed  or 
with  elevated  lateral  margins ;  eyes  separated  nar- 
rowly, at  most  but  little  further  apart  than  the  width 
of  the  frontal  costa ;  pronotum  with  indistinct  *  or  no 
lateral  carinae  ;  tegmina  fully  developed  or  abbreviate  ; 
cerci  variable,  rarely  acuminate  apically. 

g 1.  Inferior  genicular  lobe  of  hind  femora  with  at 
least  a  darker  basal  spot  or  transverse  band  ;  cerci 
of  male  variable,  often  enlarging  apically. 

h l.   Dorsum  of  pronotum  rarely  or  never  twice 
as  long  as  the  average  breadth,  generally  only 
half  as  long  again,  even  in  the  male,  generally 
constricted  more  or  less  in  the  middle  ;  antennae 
even   when   longest   no   longer   than  the    hind 
femora,  and  only  twice  as  long  as  the  pronotum 
alone ;   face  rarely   as  declivent  as  in  Paroxya ; 
prozona  usually  a  half  longer  than  the  metazona. 
i 1.   Head  not  large  in  proportion  to  pronotum, 
nor  prominent,  but  little  longer  than  the  pro- 
zona, unless  the  latter  is  distinctly  transverse ; 
pronotum  in  no  way  subsellate,  nor  flaring  in 
front ;  tegmina,  when  fully  developed,  narrow, 
rarely  rather  broad,  but  then  very  distinctly 
tapering,  more  or  less  tapering  in  distal  half, 

*  In  a  few  species  they  are  tolerably  distinct. 


ACRIDIIDAE  — ACRIDIINAE  47 

at  a  distance  from  the  apex  equal  to  the 
breadth  of  the  tegmina  distinctly  narrower 
than  the  metazona,  the  intercalaries  and  cross- 
veins  of  the  discoidal  area  relatively  numer- 
ous, at  least  in  the  apical  fourth  and  usually 
throughout,  the  venation  in  general  sharp  and 
clearly  defined,  the  area  intercalata  distinctly 
defined  by  the  adjustment  of  the  veins  at  its 
distal  extremity,  the  humeral  vein  straight  and 
apically  arcuate,  nearly  always  terminating 
either  on  the  apical  margin  or  but  a  short  dis- 
tance before  it,  running  for  some  distance 
almost  exactly  parallel  to  the  costal  margin  or 
merging  insensibly  into  it ;  cerci  of  male  very 
variable,  very  rarely  styliform,  and  then  the 
subgenital  plate  is  either  exceptionally  broad 
or  only  moderately  narrow,  and  the  apical 
margin  elevated.  .  .  Melanoplus  Stal. 
i*.  Head  large  in  proportion  to  pronotum, 
nearly  half  as  long  again  as  the  long  prozona ; 
pronotum  faintly  subsellate,  feebly  flaring  in 
front  to  receive  the  head ;  tegmina,  when  fully 
developed,  broad  and  subequal,  hardly  tapering 
in  the  distal  half,  at  a  distance  from  the  apex 
equal  to  the  breadth  of  the  tegmina  as  broad 
as  the  metazona,  the  intercalaries  and  cross- 
veins  of  the  discoidal  area  everywhere  few, 
the  venation  in  general  loose  and  ill  defined, 
the  area  intercalata  not  distinctly  marked  by 
the  adjustment  of  the  veins  at  its  distal  ex- 
tremity, the  humeral  vein  broadly  sinuous, 
terminating  on^the  costal  margin  at  least  as  far 
before  the  apex  as  the  breadth  of  the  tegmina, 
nowhere  running  closely  parallel  to  that  margin 
nor  merging  into  it ;  cerci  of  male  styliform, 
the  subgenital  plate  very  narrow,  the  margin 
not  apically  elevated.  Phoetaliotes  Scudder. 


48  GUIDE    TO    ORTHOPTERA 

h 2.  Dorsum  of  pronotum  twice  as  long  as  average 
breadth,  at  least  in  the  male,  with  no  median  con- 
striction ;  antennae,  at  least  in  the  male,  generally 
longer  than  the  hind  femora  and  much  more  than 
twice  as  long  as  the  pronotum,  generally  twice  as 
long  as  head  and  pronotum  together ;  face  more 
declivent  than  in  Melanoplus ;  prozona  only  about 
a  third  longer  than  the  metazona. 

Paroxya  Scudder. 

g 2.  Inferior  genicular  lobe  of  hind  femora  wholly 
pallid,  with  no  dark  basal  spot  or  transverse  band ; 
cerci  of  male  conical  or  subconical  or  basally  bullate, 
always  apically  pointed. 

A1.  Subgenital  plate  of  male  terminating  in  a 
pronounced  tubercle  ;  prosternal  spine  slender. 

Poecilotettix  Scudder. 

A2.  Subgenital  plate  of  male,  even  when  apically 
angulate,  not  furnished  with  an  apical  tubercle ; 
prosternal  spine  stout. 

t1.  Relatively  heavy  bodied;  dorsal  disk  of 
the  prozona  tumid  independently  of  the  meta- 
zona ;  pronotum  distinctly  angulate  or  convex 
behind  ;  the  portion  of  the  metasternum  lying 
behind  the  lobes  laterally  extended,  reaching 
to  the  coxae ;  tegmina  fully  developed  or 
abbreviate  but  overlapping,  with  many  longi- 
tudinal veins ;  cerci  of  male  very  stout  and 
bullate  on  basal  half  or  more;  abdomen  of 
female  bluntly  rounded  apically,  the  posterior 
segments  much  abbreviated ;  ovipositor  but 
slightly  exserted.  Oedaleonotus  Scudder. 

i 2.  Relatively  slender  bodied ;  dorsal  disk  of 
prozona  not  tumid  independently  of  the  meta- 
zona; pronotum  truncate  posteriorly;  portion 
of  metasternum  lying  behind  the  lobes  laterally 
abbreviated,  much  narrower  than  the  width 


ACRIDIIDAE  — ACRIDIINAE  49 

between  coxae  ;  tegmina  linear,  lateral,  distant, 
with  only  a  few  longitudinal  veins ;  abdomen 
of  female  tapering  regularly  to  a  pointed  tip ; 
ovipositor  normally  exserted. 

Asemoplus  Scudder. 

e'2.  Face  rather  strongly  oblique,  the  angle  it  makes 
with  the  fastigium  varying  about  from  55°  to  67°  ;  eyes 
elongate,  almost  or  quite  twice  as  long  as  broad ;  portion 
of  metasternum  lying  behind  the  lobes  subtriangular, 
not  greatly  broader  than  long;  tegmina  linear  and 
lateral  or  absent.  .  .  Aptenopedes  Scudder. 

Of  these  genera  Melanoplus  is  the  dominant  type  and  the  most 
prolific  in  species  of  any  North  American  Orthoptera,  having 
within  our  borders  alone  one  hundred  and  twenty  species  or 
more.  Podisma  (Pezotettix  Burmeister)  is  the  most  peculiar  in 
distribution,  its  eight  species  being  confined  to  high  altitudes  or 
latitudes  and  to  two  great  districts,  one  in  the  west  from  Alberta 
to  New  Mexico,  one  in  the  east  from  New  York  and  Ontario  to 
Maine.  The  other  well  endowed  genera  belong  mostly  to  the 
western  half  of  the  continent,  Aeoloplus  with  ten  species  being 
found  from  the  Yellowstone  to  Mexico ;  Bradynotes  with  seven 
species  confined  to  the  extreme  northwest ;  and  Hesperotettix  with 
seven  species  having  much  the  same  range  as  Aeoloplus  but  wider, 
one  species  being  confined  to  the  eastern  half  of  the  continent  and 
found  indeed  only  on  or  near  the  Atlantic  border.  Of  the  genera 
with  two  or  three  species  each,  Aptenopedes  and  Paroxya  are 
confined  to  the  Gulf  or  the  Gulf  and  Atlantic  States,  Campylacan- 
tha  to  the  plains  and  prairie  region  from  Nebraska  to  Texas, 
Paraidemona  to  southern  Texas  and  Poecilotettix  to  the  southern 
part  of  the  Pacific  coast.  Of  the  remaining  genera  with  one 
species  only  in  the  United  States,  Gymnoscirtetes  and  Eotettix 
are  confined  to  Florida ;  Asemoplus  to  the  extreme  northwest ; 
Hypochlora,  Dendrotettix,  Paratylotropidia  and  Phoetaliotes 
range  between  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  the  Mississippi  from 
various  points  northerly  between  Alberta  and  Texas ;  Phaedro- 
tettix,  Rhabdotettix  and  Cyclocercus  are  found  in  southern  Texas  ; 


50  GUIDE   TO    ORTHOPTERA 

and  Oedaleonotus  along  the  Pacific  coast.  Nine  of  these  twenty- 
one  genera,  viz.  Phaedrotettix,  Rhabdotettix,  Cyclocercus, 
Paraidemona,  Campylacantha,  Hesperotettix,  Melanoplus,  Phoe- 
taliotes  and  Poecilotettix,  range  southward  into  Mexico.  Podisma 
is  also  found  in  the  Old  World,  but  the  remainder  are  strictly 
indigenous  types.  Dimorphism  in  respect  of  the  length  of  the 
organs  of  flight  is  common  in  many  of  the  genera,  but  a  number 
of  them  are  uniformly  subapterous. 

Dactyloti. 

This  is  a  Central  American  group  of  two  or  three  genera,  of 
which  only  the  genus  Dactylotum  Charpentier  is  represented,  by 
a  single  species,  in  our  country,  occurring  'from  Dakota  to  Texas 
along  the  eastern  front  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 


LOCUSTIDAE  51 

LOCUSTIDAE. 

So  far  as  variety  of  forms  is  concerned,  this  family  is  better 
represented  in  the  Old  World  than  in  the  New.  Only  six  of  the 
fifteen  recognized  subfamilies  are  known  to  occur  in  the  United 
States,  and  only  one  other  has  been  found  anywhere  else  in 
America.  At  the  same  time  all  the  American  subfamilies  are 
shared  by  the  Old  World.  The  six  subfamilies  found  with  us 
may  be  distinguished  by  the  following  table. 

Subfamilies  of  Locustidae. 
A  J.  Body  generally  winged  ;  tarsi  more  or  less  depressed. 

b l.   Fore  tibiae  furnished  with  foramina  near  the  base  ;  male 
tegmina,  when  present,  furnished  with  a  tympanum. 

c1.  First  two  joints  of  tarsi  smooth  laterally;  hind  tibiae 
with  an  apical  spine  on  each  side.  .  Phaneropterinae. 
c 2.  First  two  joints  of  tarsi  longitudinally  sulcate  laterally ; 
hind  tibiae  with  an  apical  spine  on  outer  side  only  or  on 
neither. 

dl.   Fore  tibiae  without  apical  spines. 

el.   Fastigium  of  vertex  short,  crowded  by  the  prom- 
inent antennal  scrobes ;    pronotum  crossed  by  two  dis- 
tinct transverse  sulci.  .         .          Pseudophyllinae. 
e 2.    Fastigium  of  vertex  extended  and  free  from  the  not 
prominent  antennal  scrobes ;  pronotum  without,  or  with 
only  one,  transverse  sulcus.          .  Conocephalinae. 
d2.    Fore  tibiae  with  an  apical  spine  on  the  outer  side. 
(Body  generally  subapterous) .           .         .          Decticinae. 
b 2.   Fore  tibiae  without  foramina  near  the  base ;  male  tegmina 
without  a  tympanum.           ....  Gryllacrinae. 
A 2.    Body  apterous ;  tarsi  distinctly  compressed. 

Stenopelmatinae . 

PHANEROPTERESTAE. 

Brunner,  in  his  latest  monograph  of  this  subfamily,  divides  it 
into  forty-three  groups.  Only  five  of  these  are  known  to  occur 
in  the  United  States,  the  first  standing  at  a  wide  distance  from 


52  GUIDE  TO    ORTHOPTERA 

the  remainder.  Many  other  groups  occur  in  tropical  America ; 
none  of  ours  are  peculiar  to  the  United  States,  and  with  a  single 
exception,  where  two  genera  occur,  each  of  these  groups  is  rep- 
resented by  a  single  genus. 

Groups  of  Phaneropterinae. 
a l.   Fore  coxae  unarmed.  .         .         .        .  Odonturae. 

a 2.   Fore  coxae  bearing  a  spine. 

b 1.   Fore  and  middle  tibiae  sulcate  or  plane  above,  but  acutely 
margined,  the  outer  margin  spinulose  or  unarmed. 

c1.   Fastigium  of  vertex   scarcely   deflexed,  acuminate,   no 
broader  than  the  first  antennal  joint. 

dl.    Tegmina  narrow,  the  hind  margin  sinuate  ;  genicular 
lobes  of  hind  femora  armed  with  a  long  pointed  spine  ; 
pronotum  subsellate.         .         .         .         .         Hormiliae. 

d 2.   Tegmina  broader,  the  hind  margin  straight  or  rounded ; 

genicular   lobes   obtuse   or    armed   with   a    short   spine; 

pronotum  not  at  all  sellate.  .         .  Scudderiae. 

c 2.   Fastigium  of  vertex  deflexed,  obtuse,  much  broader  than 

the   first   antennal   joint;     metasternum   truncate    or    with 

rounded  lobes.        .         .         .         .         .       Amblycoryphae. 

b 2.  Fore  and  middle  tibiae  smooth  above,  without  angular 
margin,  generally  unarmed  above ;  metasternum  with  elon- 
gated lobes.  .  .  .  .  .  .  Microcentra. 

Odonturae. 

This  group  is  represented  by  a  single  genus,  Dichopetala  Brun- 
ner,  one  species  of  which  occurs  in  Texas. 

Hormiliae. 

This  group  is  also  represented  by  a  single  genus,  Arethaea 
Stal  (Aegipan  Scudder)  which  has  three  or  four  species  in  the 
extreme  southern  states  from  Georgia  to  Arizona. 

Scudderiae. 
Two  of  the  six  genera  are  represented  in  our  fauna. 


LOCUSTIDAE  —  PSEUDOPH  YLLINAE  5  3 

Genera  of  Scudderiae. 

a 1.  Fore  and  middle  femora  unarmed  beneath ;  the  hind  femora 
unarmed  beneath  or  with  few  spines.  .  Scudderia  Stal. 

a  '2.   All  the  femora  spinulose  beneath.     Symmetropleura  Brunner. 
Scudderia  has  numerous  species  widely  spread  over  the  country 
mostly  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.     Symmetropleura  is  known 
only  by  a  single  species  from  Carolina. 

Amfolycoryphae. 

Amblycorypha  Stal  is  our  only  genus  of  this  group,  with  half  a 
dozen  species  found  in  the  eastern  half  of  the  continent. 

Microcentra. 

This  group  is  represented  by  a  single  genus,  Microcentrum 
Scudder,  rich  in  species,  most  of  which  are  tropical.  Its  range  in 
the  United  States  is  similar  to  that  of  Amblycorypha. 

PSEUDOPH  YLLINAE  . 

This  subfamily  is  barely  represented  in  the  United  States,  as  it 
contains  but  a  single  indigenous  genus,  shared  with  tropical 
America. 

Genera  of  Pseudophyllinae. 

a  l.  Body  and  tegmina  testaceous,  the  latter  of  only  moderate 
breadth,  its  anterior  ulnar  vein  terminating  not  very  far  before 
the  apex  of  the  tegmina,  the  veinlets  of  the  costal  field  distinctly 
oblique  ;  middle  coxae  with  no  basal  tubercle.  Bliastes  Stal. 
a  *.  Body  and  tegmina  green,  the  latter  of  exceptional  breadth, 
its  anterior  ulnar  vein  terminating  very  far  before  the  apex  of  the 
tegmina,  the  veinlets  of  the  costal  field  transverse ;  middle  coxae 
with  a  basal  tubercle.  .  .  Cyrtophylhcs  Burmeister. 

Bliastes  is  not  indigenous  and  has  occurred  only  in  the  orchid 
house  of  the  Missouri  Botanic  Garden,  where  a  single  specimen 
did  much  damage.  Cyrtophyllus  is  the  "  Katydid  "  and  is  widely 
spread  over  the  United  States  east  of  the  Rocky  Mts.,  though 
living  at  the  north  only  in  colonies. 


54  GUIDE   TO    ORTHOPTERA 

CONOCEPHALINAE. 

Two  of  the  four  tribes  of  this  subfamily  occur  in  the  United 
States,  but  are  also  found  elsewhere,  being  widely  distributed 
over  the  globe. 

Tribes  of  Conocephalinae. 

a  1.    Fore  and  middle  femora  spined  beneath.  Conocephalini. 

a 2.   Fore  and  middle  femora  unarmed  beneath.  Xipliidiini. 


Conocephalini. 

Redtenbacher  recognizes  twenty-five  genera  in  this  tribe,  of 
which  only  the  four  following  occur  in  the  United  States,  all 
but  one  of  them  also  found  further  south. 

Genera  of  Conocephalini. 

a1.   Prosternum  unarmed.  .         .  Copiophora  Serville. 

a  2.    Prosternum  armed  with  two  spines. 

b  *.    Tegmina  lobiform ;  wings  wanting.    JBelocephalus  Scudder. 
b  2.   Tegmina  and  wings  perfectly  developed. 
c  J.    Fastigium  of  vertex  triquetral,  fiat  above. 

Pyrgocorypha  Stal. 
c2.   Fastigium  of  vertex  conical,  convex  above. 

Conocephalus  Thunberg. 

Copiophora  is  not  indigenous,  but  has  been  taken  in  the  green- 
houses at  Washington,  D.  C.  Belocephalus  is  a  monotypic  genus 
only  known  from  Florida.  A  single  species  of  Pyrgocorypha  is 
known  in  eastern  America,  but  of  Conocephalus,  a  dominant 
genus,  our  species  are  numerous  and  widely  spread  over  the 
country. 

Xiphidiini. 

Redtenbacher  recognizes  three  genera  in  this  tribe,  with  only 
one,  a  cosmopolitan  genus,  occurring  in  the  United  States. 


LOCUSTIDAE  —  DECTICINAE  55 

Genera  of  XipUidiini. 

a  *.    Larger  and  stouter  species.     Ovipositor  short,  falcate. 

Orchelimum  Serville. 

a2.    Smaller    and    slenderer    species.       Ovipositor    straight    or 
scarcely  curved.  ....  Xiphidium  Serville. 

These  two  genera  are  united  by  Redtenbacher,  the  latest 
monographer  of  the  group.  Both,  but  especially  the  latter,  are 
represented  by  a  considerable  number  of  species  from  all  parts  of 
the  country. 

DECTICINAE. 

This  subfamily  is  fairly  well  represented  in  North  America,  all 
the  groups  into  which  it  is  divided  by  Brunner,  with  but  one 
exception,  being  represented,  and  nearly  as  many  genera  being 
found  here  as  in  all  other  countries  taken  together.  The  species 
of  the" genera  are,  however,  in  no  case  numerous. 

Genera  of  Decticinae. 
A l.   Prosternum  armed  with  two  erect  spines. 

b l.   Four  terminal  spines  on  the  lower  side  of  the  hind  femora, 
two  smaller  ones  between  a  larger  pair. 
c1.   Ovipositor  straight. 

dl.   Prosternal  spines  short,  obtuse.  Engoniaspis  Brunner. 
c/2.    Prosternal  spines  long  and  slender,  subacute. 

Atlanticus  Scudder. 
c 2.   Ovipositor  arcuate. 

(71.    Ovipositor  curved  downward. 

e  l.    Tegmina  longer  than  the  body  ;   posterior  process 

of  pronotum  brief ;  humeral  sinus  in  posterior  margin  of 

lateral  lobes  distinct.         .         .        Capnobotes  Scudder. 

e 2.   Tegmina  shorter  than  pronotum  ;  posterior  process 

of  pronotum  long ;  no  humeral  sinus  in  posterior  margin 

of  lateral  lobes.        ....        Apote  Scudder. 

c?2.   Ovipositor  curved  upward.  Orchesticus  Saussure. 

#2.    Two  terminal  spines  only  (the  outer)  on  the  lower  side  of 

the  hind  femora.        ....        Tropizaspis  Brunner. 


56  GUIDE  TO   ORTHOPTERA 

A 2.   Prosternum  unarmed. 

b l.    Fore  tibiae  spined  above  on  both  margins. 

c l.  Large  bulky  insects.  Tegmina  of  £  almost  completely 
concealed  beneath  the  pronotum ;  eyes  but  little  larger  than 
antennal  scrobes.  .  .  .  Anabrus  Haldeman. 

c 2.  Relatively  small  insects.  Exposed  portion  of  £  tegmina 
half  as  large  as  pronotum;  eyes  fully  twice  as  large  as 
antennal  scrobes.  .  .  Cacopteris  Scudder  p.  p. 

b 2.   Fore  tibiae  armed  above  on  outer  margin  only. 

c 1.   Fore  tibiae  with  several  spines  above  on  outer  margin. 
dl.   Fore  tibiae  with  three  spines  above  on  outer  margin. 
e 1.    Legs  short,  the  hind  femora  scarcely  or  not  extend- 
ing beyond  abdomen  ;  surface  of  pronotum  granulate. 

Peranabrus  Scudder. 

e 2.    Legs  long,  the  hind  femora  extending  far  beyond 
abdomen  ;  surface  of  pronotum  smooth. 
fl.    Pronotum  without  distinct  lateral  carinae,  except 
sometimes  posteriorly ;  a  median  carina  rarely  present 
and  then  weak. 

ff1.    Pronotum  transversely  arched  as  much  on  the 
posterior  as  on  the  anterior  half. 

h l .   Ovipositor  straight.    Cacopteris  Scudder  p.  p. 
h'2.   Ovipositor  arcuate.        Eremopedes  Scudder. 
g<*.    Pronotum    laterally    subangulate    posteriorly, 
and  often  with  a  slight  median  carinula. 

Idiostatus  Pictet. 

/2.   Pronotum  with  distinct  lateral  and  median  carinae, 
the  latter  sometimes  weak. 

ffl.   Lateral  carinae  of   pronotum  parallel  or  sub- 
parallel.  .         .         .  Steiroxys  Hermann . 
<72.   Lateral   carinae   approximated   in    middle    of 
anterior   half   of  pronotum,  so   as  to   narrow  the 
dorsum  by  nearly  one  half.      Idionotus  Scudder. 
d2.   Fore  tibiae  with  four  spines  above  on  outer  margin. 
e1.    Descending    lobes    of    pronotum    long,    obliquely 
declivent,  the  dorsum  narrow.        Clinopleura  Scudder. 


LOCUSTIDAE  —  STENOPELMATINAE  57 

e2.    Descending  lobes  of  pronotum  short,  vertical,  the 

dorsum  broad.         .         .         .        Plagiostira  Scudder. 

c  2.   Fore  tibiae  with  only  one  spine  above  on  outer  margin, 

situated  at  apex Ateloplus  Scudder. 

About  half  these  genera  are  represented  by  only  one  or  two 
species  each ;  the  others  have  more,  but  none  of  them  probably 
much  above  a  dozen.  They  are  almost  exclusively  found  west  of 
the  Mississippi  and  particularly  in  the  elevated  plateau  of  the  Cor- 
dilleras, but  Atlanticus  has  three  species  which  are  found  only 
east  of  the  Mississippi  and  especially  upon  the  Atlantic  slope,  and 
a  single  species  or  two  of  Orchesticus,  the  most  prolific  of  the 
genera,  occur  on  the  Atlantic  slope.  Apote,  Idiostatus,  Idionotus 
and  Ateloplus  are  only  known  west  of  the  Sierra  Nevadas  and 
the  same  is  the  case  with  most  of  the  species  of  Cacopteris. 
None  of  our  genera  occur  in  the  Old  World. 

GBYLLACRINAE. 

This  subfamily  is  represented  by  only  a  single  apterous  genus, 
Neortus  Brunner,  one  species  of  which  occurs  in  Carolina. 

STENOPELMATINAE. 

Brunner  has  divided  this  subfamily  into  two  sections  (unnamed), 
which  I  have  here  regarded  as  tribes.  Both  of  them  occur  with 
us,  but  the  former  only  by  one  of  the  twenty-four  genera  into 
which  the  section  is  divided  by  Brunner,  most  of  them  being  Old 
World  types. 

Tribes  of  Stenopelmatinae. 

a1.  Tarsi  provided  with  pulvilli;  inserting  angle  of  the  hind 
femora  situated  on  the  outer  side.  .  .  Stenopelmatini. 
a 2.  Tarsi  without  pulvilli ;  inserting  angle  of  the  hind  femora 
situated  on  the  inner  side.  .  .  .  Rhaphidophorini. 

Stenopelmatini. 

Represented  only  by  the  uncouth  genus  Stenopelmatus  Bur- 
meister,  three  species  of  which  have  been  described  from  the 


58  GUIDE  TO    ORTHOPTERA 

Pacific  coast;  it  ranges  over  the  desert  region  eastward  to  the 
Rocky  Mts. ;  a  larger  number  of  species  occur  south  of  our 
border, 

Rhaphidophorini. 

Two  of  the  four  groups  into  which  this  tribe  may  be  divided 
occur  in  North  America,  the  other  two  belonging  exclusively  to 
the  Old  World.  One  of  our  groups  is  peculiar  to  the  United 
States,  and  the  other  much  more  highly  developed  here  than  else- 
where, though  shared  with  South  America  and  the  Old  World. 

Groups  of  Rhaphidophorini. 

a1.  Hind  tibiae  supplied  above  and  below  with  spines  of  one 
grade  only,  on  both  outer  and  inner  margins.  Tropidischiae. 

a2.  Hind  tibiae  furnished  above  with  spines  of  two  grades, 
longer  being  interspersed  with  shorter  spines  (obscure  in  Gam- 
marotettix) ;  beneath  nearly  or  quite  unarmed,  such  spines  as  are 
present  occurring  on  the  middle  line  only.  .  Ceuthophili. 

Tropidischiae. 

Its  only  known  genus,  Tropidischia  Scudder,  is  monotypic  and 
is  found  in  California. 

Ceuthophili. 

This  group,  as  developed  in  the  United  States,  contains  six  of 
the  nine  genera  known  to  belong  to  it,  and  all  of  these  are  peculiar 
to  the  United  States,  excepting  as  they  may  extend  southward 
into  Mexico.  It  is  the  most  representative  group  of  temperate 
North  American  Locustidae. 

Genera  of  Ceuthophili. 

a1.  Last  palpal  joint  cleft  apically  on  the  under  side.  Descend- 
ing lobes  of  the  mesonotum  but  little  longer  than  those  of  the 
pronotum ;  sides  of  fore  and  middle  coxae  externally  laminate,  the 
lamination  elevated  to  a  denticle  or  compressed  spine  either 


LOCUSTID  AE  —  STENOPELM  ATINAE  5  9 

mesially  or  (on  middle  legs)  apically,  occasionally  (Hadenoecus) 
wanting  on  middle  legs.  Fore  tibiae  not  sulcate  above;  hind 
tibiae  with  spines  of  two  grades  on  both  outer  and  inner  margins 
of  upper  surface.  Outer  valves  of  ovipositor  unarmed  above 
before  the  apex. 

bl.  Palpi  long.  Hind  tibiae  usually  considerably  longer  than 
the  hind  femora.  Third  hind  tarsal  joint  only  half  or  less 
than  half  as  long  as  the  second. 

c1.  Vertex  obscurely  bituberculate  at  apex.  Last  palpal 
joint  no  longer  or  scarcely  longer  than  the  third,  and  cleft 
beneath  only  apically.  Middle  coxae  unarmed.  Middle 
femora  with  a  feeble  genicular  spine  on  posterior  margin. 
Hind  tibiae  with  more  than  four  pairs  of  spurs.  First  hind 
tarsal  joint  almost  as  long  as  the  others  together.  Sub- 
genital  plate  of  male  triangular  and  rather  deeply  and 
narrowly  emarginate.  .  .  .  Hadenoecus  Scudder. 
c2.  Vertex  not  tuber culate.  Last  palpal  joint  distinctly 
longer  than  the  third,  cleft  beneath  for  almost  its  entire 
length.  Middle  coxae  spined  mesially.  Middle  femora  with 
a  distinct  genicular  spine  on  posterior  margin.  Hind  tibiae 
with  only  four  pairs  of  spurs.  First  hind  tarsal  joint 
generally  a  third  shorter  than  the  rest  combined.  Sub- 
genital  plate  of  male  ample  and  broadly  emarginate. 

Ceuthophilus  Scudder. 

b 2.   Palpi  short.     Hind  tibiae  shorter  or  at  most  but  little  longer 

than  the  hind  femora.     Third  hind  tarsal  joint  hardly  shorter 

than  the  second,  or  (in  Daihinia)  wanting.     (Lamination  of 

middle  coxae  produced  inferiorly  to  the  semblance  of  a  spine.) 

c  l.   Third  palpal  joint  as  long  as  fifth,  the  inferior  cleft  of 

the  latter  extending  over  only  the  apical  half.    Middle  femora 

unarmed  at  tip  or  with  a  very  feeble   spine.     Hind  tibiae 

shorter  or  at  least  no  longer  than  the  hind  femora,  with  few 

spines  of  the  second  grade  on  the  upper  surface,  those  of  the 

first  grade  relatively  numerous,  at  least  in  the  9  ,  more  or 

less  irregularly  placed  and  of  unequal  length ;  the  calcaria 

three  in  number  on   each  side,  the  uppermost  generally  a 


60  GUIDE  TO   ORTHOPTERA 

little  the  longest  and  unusually  distant  from  the  extreme 
apex,  so  as  to  appear  rather  as  an  additional  pair  of  spurs. 
Subgenital  plate  of  male  greatly  produced  and  apically 
deeply  fissured. 

d1.  Descending  lobes  of  mesonotum  slightly  longer  than 
those  of  pronotum.  Last  tarsal  joint  very  much  shorter 
than  the  remaining  joints  together,  the  third  joint  of  hind 
legs  normal  though  but  little  shorter  than  the  second. 
Subgenital  plate  of  male  ample,  rather  deeply  and  broadly 
emarginate,  the  sides  extending  backwards  as  slender 
threads.  ....  Phrixocnemis  Scudder. 

d2.  Descending  lobes  of  mesonotum  no  longer  than  those 
of  pronotum.  Last  tarsal  joint  about  as  long  as  the  rest 
together ;  third  tarsal  joint  of  hind  legs  wanting  (as  also 
of  fore  legs).  Subgenital  plate  of  male  immensely  pro- 
duced and  so  deeply  fissured  as  to  form  two  tapering 
ribbons.  ....  Daihinia  Haldeman. 

c 2.  Third  palpal  joint  shorter  than  the  fifth,  the  inferior  cleft 
of  the  latter  extending  its  whole  length.  Middle  femora 
with  a  genicular  spine  on  posterior  side.  Hind  tibiae  slightly 
longer  than  the  hind  femora,  with  numerous  spines  of  the 
second  grade  uniform  in  length  and  pretty  regularly  sepa- 
rated ;  calcaria  three  in  number  on  each  side,  the  middle  one 
much  longer  than  the  others.  (First  hind  tarsal  joint  a  third 
shorter  than  the  rest  combined.)  Subgenital  plate  of  male 
ample,  apically  bituberculate.  .  Udeopsylla  Scudder. 

az.  (Vertex  bituberculate.  Palpi  short),  the  last  joint  apically 
with  no  inferior  cleft.  Descending  lobes  of  mesonotum  consider- 
ably longer  than  those  of  pronotum;  sides  of  fore  and  middle 
coxae  neither  carinate  nor  spined.  (Fore  and  middle  femora 
unarmed.)  Fore  tibiae  sulcate  above ;  hind  tibiae  (of  the  same 
length  as  the  hind  femora)  with  only  one  grade  *  of  spines  above 
on  the  lateral  margins ;  (calcaria  two  in  number  on  each  side, 
subequal  and  not  long.  Third  hind  tarsal  joint  half  as  long  as 

*  There  are  in  reality  two  grades,  but  the  alternating  longer  and  shorter  spines 
are  of  such  slight  inequality  as  easily  to  be  overlooked. 


LOCUSTIDAE  —  STENOPELMATINAE  6 1 

the  second.     Subgenital  plate  of  male  ample,  apically  broadly  and 
not  deeply  emarginate);  outer  valves  of  ovipositor  serrate  above 

before  the  apex Gammarotettix  Brunner. 

The  dominant  genus  is  Ceuthophilus  with  about  sixty  species ; 
it  is  found  in  every  part  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  and 
extends  into  Mexico  (a  few  species  are  confined  to  northern 
Mexico).  The  other  genera  contain  each  from  one  to  three 
species,  and  excepting  Hadenoecus,  known  only  from  caves  and 
deep  wells  east  of  the  Mississippi  River,  occur  west  of  this  stream. 
One  species  of  Udeopsylla  has  been  found  a  little  further  east,  in 
Illinois  and  Manitoba.  Gammarotettix  is  confined  to  California. 


62  GUIDE  TO   ORTHOPTEKA 

GRYLLIDAE. 

All  six  of  the  subfamilies  of  Gryllidae  occur  in  the  United 
States,  since  all  are  cosmopolitan  ;  no  similar  case  occurs  among 
the  Orthoptera,  Here  also,  more  than  in  the  other  groups,  may 
be  seen  a  nearer  correspondence  to  the  European  fauna,  many 
more  of  the  genera  being  identical  than  is  usual  in  Orthoptera. 
The  following  table  distinguishes  the  subfamilies. 

Subfamilies  of  Gryllidae. 

A. 1.   Tarsi  compressed,  the  second  joint  minute,  compressed. 
b 1.   Fore  legs  f ossorial ;  female  without  ovipositor ;  tympanum 
of  male  tegmina  (when  present)  without  speculum. 

Gryllotalpinae. 

b 2.  Fore  legs  gressorial ;  female  with  ovipositor,  though  it  is 
sometimes  rudimentary ;  tympanum  of  male  tegmina  (when 
present)  furnished  with  a  speculum. 

c 1.  Hind  tibiae  biseriately  serratulate  but  not  spined,  or,  if 
spined  (Myrmecophila),  then  the  body  is  subspherical  and 
the  hind  femora  exceptionally  gibbous.  Myrmecophilinae. 
c2.  Hind  tibiae  biseriately  spined,  the  body  always  sub- 
elongate,  with  relatively  slender  hind  femora. 

d1.    Hind  tibiae  rather  stout,  armed  with  stout  spines,  not 

serrulate  between  them Gryllinae. 

d"2.   Hind  tibiae  slender,  armed  with  delicate  spines,  and 
serrulate  between  them.         .         .         .          Oecanthinae. 
A  2.    Second  joint  distinct,  depressed,  cordif orm. 

b1.  Hind  tibiae  biseriately  spinose,  not  serrate,  the  apical 
spurs  two  in  number  on  the  inner  side.  Trigonidiinae. 

#2.  Hind  tibiae  biseriately  spinose  and  also  serrate,  the  apical 
spurs  three  in  number  on  both  sides.  .  Eneopterinae. 

GKYLLOTALPINAE. 

Two  of  the  three  tribes  of  this  subfamily  are  represented  with 
us,  the  third  being  an  Australian  type ;  both  these  they  share 
with  the  Old  World,  as  well  as  with  tropical  America. 


GRYLLIDAE  —  GRYLLOTALPINAE  63 

Tribes  of  Gryllotalpinae* 

a1.  Head  furnished  with  two  large  ocelli;  fore  tibiae  dilated, 
markedly  digitate;  hind  femora  scarcely  saltatorial;  tarsi  3- 

jointed. Gryllotalpini. 

a  2.  Head  furnished  with  three  small  ocelli ;  fore  tibiae  scarcely 
dilated,  3-4  spined  apically ;  hind  femora  strongly  saltatorial ; 
tarsi  uniarticulate  or  aborted.  .  .  .  Tridactylini. 

Gryllotalpini. 

Both  the  known  genera  of  this  tribe  occur  in  the  United  States. 

Genera  of  Gryllotalpini. 

a  l.  Anterior  tibiae  tetradactyle.  .  .  Gryllotalpa  Linne. 
a 2.  Anterior  tibiae  bidactyle.  .  Scapteriscus  Scudder. 

Scapteriscus  occurs  only  along  the  margin  of  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico  ;  Gryllotalpa  everywhere ;  and  each  is  represented  by 
two  or  three  species. 

Tridactylini. 

One  of  the  two  genera  of  this  group,  Tridactylus  Olivier,  is  a 
cosmopolitan  genus  which  occurs  throughout  our  territory,  repre- 
sented by  several  species. 

M  YRME  COPHILINAE . 

Only  three  of  the  eleven  known  genera  of  this  family  occur  in 
the  United  States,  two  of  them  shared  with  Europe,  one  with  trop- 
ical America. 

Genera  of  Myrmecophilinae. 

a  1.  Antennae  stout ;  hind  femora  ovate  ;  hind  tibiae  dilated,  with 
only  three  or  four  apical  spurs.  .  Myrmecophila  Latreille. 
a  2.  Antennae  slender ;  hind  femora  elongate  ;  hind  tibiae  slender, 
with  six  apical  spurs. 

b l.   First  joint  of  hind  tarsi  sulcate  and  serrate ;  pronotum  not 
produced  posteriorly,  the  metanotum  exposed. 

Mogosiplistus  Serville. 


64  GUIDE  TO  ORTHOPTERA 

b 2.   First  joint  of  hind  tarsi  neither  sulcate  nor  serrate  ;  pro- 
notum  produced  posteriorly,  concealing  the  metanotum. 

Cycloptilum  Scudder. 

Myrmecophila  is  represented  by  several  species  and  is  widely 
spread,  probably  occurring  wherever  there  are  ants'  nests. 
Cycloptilum  is  represented  by  one  or  two  species  along  the 
borders  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  ;  and  Mogosiplistus  has  just  been 
discovered  under  bark  of  trees  at  Biscayne  Bay,  Florida,  by  Mrs. 
A.  T.  Slosson. 

GRYLLINAE. 

Only  three  of  the  nineteen  acknowledged  genera  of  this  sub- 
family occur  in  the  United  States,  and  these  genera  are  all  cos- 
mopolitan, or  at  any  rate  widely  distributed  over  the  globe. 

Genera  of  Gryllinae. 

a  J.   Hind  tibiae  furnished  with  long,  mobile,  pilose  spines ;  first 
joint  of  hind  tarsi  unarmed  above  or  with  one  row  of  serrations. 

Nemobius  Serville. 

a  2.   Hind  tibiae  armed  with  strong  fixed  spines ;    first  joint  of 
hind  tarsi  sulcate  above,  with  two  rows  of  serrations. 

b  *.    Fore  tibiae  provided  with  auditory  foramina  on  both  faces. 

Gryllus  Linn6- 
b 2.   Fore  tibiae  with  no  auditory  foramen  on  inner  face. 

Gryllodes  Saussure. 

Nemobius  and  Gryllus  occur  everywhere,  and  have  a  consider- 
able number  of  species,  especially  the  former.  Gryllodes  occurs 
only  in  the  southern  portions  with  two  or  three  species  at  most. 
Many  of  the  species  in  these  genera  are  dimorphic  as  regards  the 
length  of  the  organs  of  flight. 

OECANTHINAE. 

This  subfamily  is  represented  in  the  United  States  by  a  single 
genus,  Oecanthus  Serville,  out  of  the  twenty  known,  and  this  it 
shares  with  the  Old  World  and  South  America.  We  have  half 
a  dozen  or  more  species,  spread  over  the  whole  country. 


GR  YLLIDAE  —  TRIGONIDIINAE  6  5 

TRIGONIDIINAE  . 

Half  the  known  genera  of  this  subfamily  occur  with  us,  two  of 
which  are  shared  with  tropical  America,  while  the  third  is 
cosmopolitan. 

Genera  of  Trigonidiinae. 

a1.  Last  palpal  joint  infundibuliform,  apically  dilated;  lower 
margin  of  the  facial  scutellum  transverse  or  arcuate ;  basal  joint 
of  antennae  subdepressed,  pretty  large ;  lateral  lobes  of  pronotum 
subquadrate,  the  lower  margin  subhorizontal,  subexcised  in  the 
middle. 

b l.   Foramina  of  fore  tibiae  wanting  or  found  on  one  side  only. 

Anaxiphus  Saussure. 

b  2.   Foramina  of  fore  tibiae  present  on  both  sides. 

Cyrtoxiphus  Brunner. 

a 2.  Last  palpal  joint  dilate,  foliaceous ;  lower  margin  of  the 
facial  scutellum  angularly  excised  in  the  middle ;  basal  joint  of 
antennae  narrow,  minute ;  lateral  lobes  of  pronotum  narrowed 
anteriorly,  the  lower  margin  not  excised.  Phylloscirtus  Gu6rin. 

These  genera  are  represented  by  only  one  or  two  species  each, 
and  these  are  almost  entirely  confined  to  the  Southern  States,  and 
to  the  region  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

ENEOPTEKINAE. 

Only  four  of  the  twenty-nine  known  genera  of  this  group  occur 
in  the  United  States,  and  all  are  shared  with  tropical  America. 

Genera  of  Eneopterinae. 

a 1.  Tegmina  of  male  provided  with  a  stridulatory  tympanum. 
b 1.  At  least  three  or  four  oblique  veins  traverse  the  median 
area  of  the  tympanum  of  the  male  tegmina,  reaching  to  its  pos- 
terior portion.  ....  Paroecanthus  Saussure. 
b 2.  No  more  than  two  oblique  veins  traverse  the  median  area 
of  the  tympanum  of  the  male  tegmina,  and  are  found  in  the 
proximal  portion  only. 


66  GUIDE  TO    ORTHOPTERA 

c l.    Fore  tibiae  with  auditory  foramen  on  the  inner  face  only. 

Apithis  Uhler. 
c 2.   Fore  tibiae  with  auditory  foramina  on  both  faces. 

Orocharis  Uhler. 

a2.   Tegmina  of  male  like  those  of  the  female  without  tympanum. 

Metrypa  Brunner. 

All  these  genera,  which  have  only  one  or  two  species  each,  are 
confined  or  nearly  confined  to  the  Southern  States,  Apithis  and 
Orocharis  ranging  much  the  furthest  north.  They  are  only 
known  from  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  NOTES  67 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   NOTES. 

The  modern  system  of  Orthoptera  was  first  laid  down  in  general 
treatises  by  Burmeister  and  Serville  (quoted  below),  but  these 
works  are  now  of  relatively  small  value,  since  the  study  of  each 
family  has  been  much  more  fully  developed  independently  by 
various  later  writers,  to  whom,  when  American  groups  are  treated, 
reference  is  made  farther  on.  The  latest  general  system  of 
Orthoptera  —  a  sketch  only  —  is  to  be  found  in  Brunner's  Re"  vi- 
sion du  systeme  des  Orthopteres  (1893).  Other  general  works 
that  may  be  consulted  for  North  American  Orthoptera  are 
Scudder's  Catalogue  of  the  earlier  described  species  (1868),  and 
Glovers'  Illustrations  (1872). 

For  tables  for  the  determination  of  the  families  of  Orthoptera, 
see  Burmeister's  Handbuch  der  entomologie,  ii,  468  (1838); 
Serville's  Orthopteres  (Suites  a  Buff  on),  9,293  (1839);  Fieber's 
Synopsis  der  europaischen  Orthopteren,  2—3  (1853);  Fischer's 
Orthoptera  europaea,  4-5  (1853);  Scudder,  in  Bost.  journ.  nat. 
hist.,  vii,  413  (1862),  and  in  Psyche,  i,  169-70  (1876);  Thomas' 
Key  to  Illinois  Orthoptera,  1  (1875),  and  the  same  in  Rep.  ins. 
111.,  ix,  82  (1880);  Brunner's  Prodromus  der  europaischen  Orthop- 
teren, 1  (1882);  Comstock's  Introduction  to  entomology,  89—90 
(1888);  Fernald's  Orthoptera  of  New  England,  12  (1888);  Finot's 
Insectes  Orthopteres,  59  (1890);  Sharp,  in  the  Cambridge  natural 
history,  v,  201  (1895);  and  Comstock's  Manual  for  the  study  of 
insects,  105  (1895). 

FORFICULIDAE. 

Besides  the  treatment  of  this  family  in  the  general  works  on 
Orthoptera,  some  of  the  principal  of  which  are  mentioned  above, 
see  Serville,  Rev.  meth.  Orthopt.,  2-3  (1831);  de  Haan,  Bijdr. 
kenn.  Orthopt.,  238-39  (1842)  ;  Dohrn,  Monogr.  Dermapt. 
(Stett.  ent.  zeit.,  xxiv,  35-66,  309-322;  xxv,  285-96,  417-29; 
xxvi,  68-99;  xxviii,  341-43  —  1863-67);  numerous  papers  by  de 


68  GUIDE  TO  ORTHOPTERA 

Bormans,  and  especially  his  Etude  siir  quelques  Forficulaires 
(Ann.  soc.  ent.  Belg.,  xxvii,  59-90,  1893),  where  a  table  of  genera 
is  added ;  and  his  treatment  of  these  insects  in  the  Biol.  centr. 
amer.,  Orthopt.,  1-12  (1893);  Brunner,  Prodr.  eur.  Orthopt.,  4, 
for  a  table  of  the  European  genera  (1882);  Scudder,  Proc.  Bost. 
soc.  nat.  hist.,  xviii,  287-332  (1876);  also  his  Synoptical  table  of 
U.  S.  Forficulariae  (Psyche,  i,  177-78  —  1876);  and  his  Synopsis 
of  the  North  American  species  (Bull.  U.  S.  geol.  surv.  terr.,  ii, 
249-60,  1876);  and  finally  Kirby's  Revision  of  the  Forficulidae 
(Journ.  Linn.  soc.  Lond.,  Zool.,  xxiii,  502-31,  1890),  which  also 
contains  a  table  of  the  genera. 

Anisolabis.  —  (Table  of  species)  Scudder,  Bull.  U.  S.  geol. 
surv..terr.,  ii,  251  (1876). 

Sphongophora.  —  (Table  of  species)  Scudder,  Bull.  U.  S.  geol. 
surv.  terr.,  ii,  252  (1876). 

Labia.  —  (Tables  of  species)  Scudder,  Psyche,  i,  178  (1876); 
Id.,  Bull.  U.  S.  geol.  surv.  terr.,  ii,  257  (1876). 

Forficula. — (Tables  of  American  species)  Scudder,  Psyche,  i, 
177  (1876);  Id.,  Bull.  U.  S.  geol.  surv.  terr.,  ii,  254  (1876). 

BLATTIDAE. 

For  the  general  treatment  of  this  family  and  tables  for  its  sub- 
division, to  which  special  reference  is  made,  see,  in  chronological 
order  and  with  special  reference  to  North  American  forms,  Bur- 
meister's  Handb.  ent.,  ii,  481-82  (1838)  ;  Serville's  Orthopteres, 
66  (1839)  ;  de  Haan,  Bijdr.  kenn.  Orthopt.,  48  (1842);  Fieber, 
Syn.  eur.  Orthopt.,  4-6  (1853) ;  Fischer,  Orthopt.  eur.,  91  (1853)  ; 
Scudder,  Bost.  journ.  nat.  hist.,  vii,  413  —  for  New  England 
genera  (1862)  ;  Saussure,  Orthopt.  Amer.  moy.,  46,  47-49,  145, 
219  (1864-65)  ;  Brunner,  Syst.  Blatt.,  46-50  (1865)  ;  Saussure, 
M61.  orthopt.,  i  (1869)  ;  his  Miss,  scient.  Mex.,  Orthopt.  (1870)  ; 
Stal,  Rech.  syst.  Blatt.  6-7  (1874)  ;  Thomas,  Key  111.  Orthopt., 
(1875)  ;  Brunner,  Prodr.  eur.  Orthopt.,  29-30  —  for  the  European 
genera  (1882)  ;  Fernald,  Orthopt.  N.  Engl.,  50  —  N.  Engl.  gen- 
era only  (1888)  ;  Brunner,  Re~v.  syst.  Orthopt.,  10-12  (1893)  ; 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  NOTES  —  MANTIDAE  69 

Saussure-Zehntner,  Biol.  centr.  amer.,  Orthopt.,  14-15  (1893)  ; 
and  Sharp,  Cambr.  nat.  hist.,  v,  240-41  (1895). 

BLATTINAE. — (Tables  of  genera)  Brunner,  Syst.  Blatt.,  46-47 
(1865)  ;  Id.,  ReV.  syst.  Orthopt.,  13-14  (1893);  Saussure-Zehnt- 
ner, Biol.  centr.  amer.,  Orthopt.,  30-31  (1893). 

Thyrsocera.  —  (Tables  of  species)  Brunner,  Syst.  Blatt., 
116-17  (1865) ;  Saussure,  Miss,  scient.  Mex.,  Orthopt.,  48 
(1870)  ;  Brunner,  Re"v.  syst.  Orthopt.,  21  (1893). 

Ischnoptera. — (Tables  of  species)  Brunner,  Syst.  Blatt., 
128-29  (1865)  ;  Saussure,  Miss,  scient.  Mex.,  Orthopt.,  53  (1870) ; 
Saussure-Zehntner,  Biol.  centr.  amer.,  Orthopt.,  35-36  (1893). 

jPhyllodromia. —  (Tables  of  species)  Saussure,  Orthopt.  Ame'r. 
moy.,  93-94  (1864-65)  ;  Brunner,  Syst.  Blatt.,  89-90  (1865) ; 
Saussure,  Miss,  scient.  Mex.,  Orthopt,  27  (1870)  ;  Brunner,  Rev. 
syst.  Orthopt.,  14-15  (1893)  ;  Saussure-Zehntner,  Biol.  centr. 
amer.,  Orthopt.,  41-42  (1893). 

Ceratinoptera. — (Tables  of  species)  Brunner,  Syst.  Blatt.,  76 
(1865);  Saussure-Zehntner,  Biol.  centr.  amer.,  Orthopt.,  48 
(1893). 

Temnopteryx.  —  (Tables  of  species)  Brunner,  Syst.  Blatt.,  84 
(1865);  Saussure,  Miss,  scient.  Mex.,  Orthopt.,  23  (1870);  Saus- 
sure-Zehntner, Biol.  centr.  amer.,  Orthopt.,  50-52  (1893). 

Loboptera. — (Table  of  species)  Brunner,  Syst.  Blatt.,  80 
(1865). 

NYCTOBOKINAE.  —  No  table  of  genera  has  ever  been  published. 

Nyctobora.  —  (Tables  of  species)  Brunner,  Syst.  Blatt.,  144 
(1865);  Saussure-Zehntner,  Biol.  centr.  amer.,  Orthopt.,  55 
(1893). 

PEKIPLAXETIXAE. —  (Tables  of  genera)  Brunner,  Syst.  Blatt., 
48,202-3(1865);  Stal,  Rech.  syst.  Blatt.,  12-14(1874);  Brun- 
ner, Re>.  syst.  Orthopt.,  33-35  (1893);  Saussure-Zehntner,  Biol. 
centr.  amer.,  Orthopt.,  69-70  (1893). 

Eurycotis. — (Table  of  species)  Saussure-Zehntner,  Biol.  centr. 
amer.,  Orthopt.,  70  (1893). 

Pelmatosilpha. — (Table  of  species)  Saussure-Zehntner,  Biol. 
centr.  amer.,  Orthopt.,  72  (1893). 


70  GUIDE  TO  ORTHOPTERA 

Periplaneta.  —  (Table  of  species)  Saussure-Zehntner,  Biol. 
centr.  amer.,  Orthopt,  73-74  (1893). 

PANCHLORHSTAE. — (Tables  of  genera)  Brunner,  Syst  Blatt., 
48-49  (1865);  Stal,  Rech.  syst  Blatt.,  16-17  (1874);  Saussure- 
Zehntner,  Biol.  centr.  amer.,  Orthopt.,  88-89  (1893). 

Panchlora.  —  (Tables  of  species)  Saussure,  Orthopt.  Amer. 
moy.,  187-202,  passim  (1864-65);  Brunner,  Syst.  Blatt.,  271- 
72  (1865);  Saussure,  Miss,  scient.  Mex.,  Orthopt.,  101  (1870); 
Saussure-Zehntner,  Biol.  centr.  amer.,  Orthopt.,  91-93  (1893). 

CORYDINAE. — (Table  of  genera)  Saussure-Zehntner,  Biol. 
centr.  amer.,  Orthopt.,  104-105  (1893). 

Homoeogamia. — (Table  of  species)  Saussure-Zehntner,  Biol. 
centr.  amer.,  Orthopt.,  105-106  (1893). 

PLECTOPTEKINAE. — (Table  of  genera)  Brunner,  Syst.  Blatt., 
48  (1865). 

Chorisoneura. — (Table  of  species)  Brunner,  Syst.  Blatt. 
256  (1865). 

PANESTHINAE. — (Tables  of  genera)  Brunner,  Syst.  Blatt., 
50  (1865);  Id.,  ReV.  syst.  Orthopt,  45-46  (1893);  Saussure, 
Rev.  suisse  zool.,  iii,  301-303  (1895). 

MANTIDAE. 

Tables  for  the  determinations  of  the  subfamilies  (in  some 
instances  of  the  genera  only)  of  Mantidae  will  be  found  in  Bur- 
meister,  Handb.  ent.,  ii,  523-24  (1838);  Serville,  Orthopteres, 
140  (1839);  de  Haan,  Bijdr.  kenn.  Orthopt.,  64-65  (1842); 
Fischer,  Orthopt.  eur.,  123  (1853);  Saussure,  Miss,  scient.  Mex., 
Orthopt.,  229-30  (1870);  Id.,  Mel.  orthopt.,  i,  157  (1870);  Id., 
Mant.  am6r.,  7  (1871);  Id.,  Mitth.  schweiz.  ent.  gesellsch.,  iii,  51 
(1872);  Stal,  Syst.  Mant.,  5-7  (1877);  Brunner,  Rev.  syst. 
Orthopt.,  57-58  (1893);  Saussure-Zehntner,  Biol.  centr.  amer., 
Orthopt.,  124  (1894) ;  Sharp,  Cambr.  nat.  hist,  v,  259  (1895);  and 
Scudder,  Can.  ent.,  xxviii,  207-209  (1896).  For  a  general  dis- 
cussion of  the  classification,  see  also  Stal,  Rech.  syst.  Mant. 
(1873). 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  NOTES  — PHASMIDAE  71 

MANTINAE. — (Tables  of  genera  and  higher  groups)  Saussure, 
orthopt.,  i,  175-77  (1870);  Id.,  Mant.  ame'r.,  27-30  (1871); 
Id.,  Miss,  scient.  Mex.,  Orthopt.,  233-36  (1872);  Id.,  Mitth. 
schweiz.  ent.  gesellsch.,  iii,  55-58,  224-27,  234-35  (1872);  Id., 
Mel.  orthopt.,  ii,  19-21  (1872);  Stal,  Syst.  Mant.,  18-45  (1877); 
Brunner,  Prodr.  eur.  Orthopt.,  57  —  for  European  genera  (1882); 
Id.,  Re>.  syst.  Orthopt.,  60-64  (1893);  Saussure-Zehntner,  Biol. 
centr.  amer.,  Orthopt.,  127-130,  162  (1894);  Scudder,  Can.  ent., 
xxviii,  207-209  (1896). 

Phasmomantis.  — (Table  of  species)  Saussure-Zehntner,  Biol. 
centr.  amer.,  Orthopt.,  149  (1894). 

Stagmomantis. — (Tables  of  species)  Saussure,  Mant.  ame'r., 
44  (1871);  Id.,  Miss,  scient.  Mex.,  Orthopt.,  243-44  (1872); 
Saussure-Zehntner,  Biol.  centr.  amer.,  Orthopt.,  140-41  (1894). 

Brunneria.  —  (Table  of  species)  Saussure,  Mant.  ame'r.,  133 
(1871). 

Oligonyx. — (Tables  of  species)  Saussure,  Mant.  ame'r.,  119 
(1871);  Id.,  Miss,  scient.  Mex.,  Orthopt.,  273  (1872);  Saussure- 
Zehntner,  Biol.  centr.  amer.,  Orthopt.,  172  (1894). 

Thesprotia.  — (Table  of  species)  Saussure-Zehntner,  Biol.  centr. 
amer.,  Orthopt.,  170  (1894). 

VATINAE. — (Tables  of  genera)  Saussure,  Mant.  ame'r.,  156 
(1871);  Id.,  Mel.  orthopt.,  ii,  73  (1872);  Id.,  Miss,  scient.  Mex., 
Orthopt.  286  (1872);  Id.,  Mitth.  schweiz.  ent.  gesellsch.,  iii,  53 
(1872);  Brunner,  Rev.  syst.  Orthopt.,  73-75  (1893);  Saussure- 
Zehntner,  Biol.  centr.  amer.,  Orthopt.,  184  (1894). 

Theoclytes. — (Tables  of  species)  Saussure,  Mant.  ame'r.,  172 
(1871);  Id.,  Miss,  scient.  Mex.,  Orthopt.,  292  (1872) ;  Saussure- 
Zehntner,  Biol.  centr.  amer.,  Orthopt.,  190-91  (1894). 

PHASMIDAE. 

For  the  division  of  this  family  into  subfamilies  or  genera,  see 
Burmeister,  Handb.  ent.,  ii.,  560  (1838);  Serville,  Orthopteres, 
220-222  (1839);  de  Haan,  Bijdr.  kenn.  Orthopt.,  107-108  (1842); 
Stal,  Rech.  syst.  Phasm.,  13-16  (1875);  Id.,  Rec.  Orthopt.,  iii, 


72  GUIDE   TO   ORTHOPTERA 

4-62  (1875);  Id.,  Obs.  orthopt.,  i,  5-21  (1875);  Brunner,  Re>. 
syst.  Orthopt.,  79-81  (1893);  Sharp,  Cambr.  nat.  hist.,  v,  277-78 
(1895);  and  Scudder,  Can.  ent.,  xxvii,  29-30  (1895),  the  last  for 
the  United  States  genera  only. 

BACUNCULINAE. — (Table  of  genera)  Brunner,  ReV.  syst. 
Orthopt.,  82  (1893). 

Sermyle.  —  (Table  of  species)  Stal,  Rec.  Orthopt.,  iii,  76-77 
(1875). 

ANISOMOKPHINAE. —  (Table  of  genera)  Brunner,  R6v.  Syst. 
Orthopt.,  98  (1893). 

ACRIDIIDAE. 

Tables  for  the  distribution  of  this  family  into  subordinate 
groups  will  be  found  in  Burmeister,  Handb.  ent.,  ii,  602-603 
(1838);  Serville,  Orthopteres,  565-70  (1839);  de  Haan,  Bijdr. 
kenn.  Orthopt.,  144-46  (1842);  Fieber,  Syn.  eur.  Orthopt., 
8-37,  passim  (1853);  Fischer,  Orthopt.  eur.,  295-98—  for 
European  genera  (1853);  Scudder,  Bost.  journ.  nat.  hist.,  vii, 
414  — N.  Engl.  genera  (1862);  Stal, Rec.  Orthopt,  i,  1-8  (1873); 
Thomas,  Acrid.  N.  A.,  49-51  (1873);  Id.,  Key  111.  Orthopt., 
2-3 — for  Illinois  genera  (1875);  Stal,  Obs.  orthopt.,  ii,  8-10 
(1876);  Thomas,  Rep.  ins.  111.,  ix,  83-92— for  Illinois  genera 
(1880);  Brunner,  Prodr.  eur.  Orthopt.,  83-87 — for  European 
genera  (1882);  Comstock,  Intr.  ent.,  100-101  (1888);  Fernald, 
Orthopt.  N.  Engl.  28— N.  Engl.  genera  (1888);  Brunner,  Re>. 
syst.  Orthopt,  102-103  (1893);  Sharp,  Cambr.  nat  hist,  v, 
309-10  (1895);  Morse,  Psyche,  vii,  325  —  for  N.  Engl.  groups 
only  (1896);  McNeill,  Proc.  Dav.  acad.  nat.  sc.,  vi,  180  —  Amer- 
ican subfamilies  only  (1897). 

TETTIGINAE.  —  (Table  of  species)  de  Haan,  Bijdr.  kenn. 
Orthopt.,  166-67  (1842).  (Tables  of  genera)  Thomas,  Acrid. 
N.  A.,  182  (1873);  Stal,  Obs.  orthopt,  ii,  47  (1876);  Bolivar, 
Ess.  Tettig.,  17-22  (1887);  Comstock,  Intr.  ent,  112  (1888); 
Fernald,  Orthopt.  N.  Engl.,  46  —  1ST.  E.  genera  only  (1888); 
Morse,  Psyche,  vii,  149  —  for  N.  Engl.  genera  only  (1894). 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  NOTES  —  ACRIDIIDAE  73 

Tettigiae.  —  (Table of  genera)  Bolivar,  Ess.  Tettig.,  21  (1887). 

Tettix.  —  (Tables  of  species)  Bolivar,  Ess.  Tettig.,  83-85 
(1887);  Fernald,  Orthopt.  1ST.  Engl.,  46—  N.  Engl.  species 
only  (1888);  Morse,  Psyche,  vii,  149  —  N.  Engl.  species  only 
(1894). 

Paratettix. — (Tables  of  species)  Bolivar,  Ess.  Tettig.,  96-98 
(1887). 

Batrachideae.  —  (Table  of  genera)  Bolivar,  Ess.  Tettig.,  21-22 
(1887). 

Tettigidea.  —  (Tables  of  species)  Bolivar,  Ess.  Tettig.,  121-22 
(1887) ;  Fernald,  Orthopt.  1ST.  Engl.,  47  —  N.  Engl.  species  (1888)  ; 
Morse,  Psyche,  vii,  149  —  N.  Engl.  species  only  (1894). 

TKYXALINAE.  —  (Tables  of  genera)  Thomas,  Acrid.  N.  A.,  57 
(1873);  Stal,  Rec.  Orthopt.,  i,  87-94  (1873);  Id.,  Obs.  orthopt., 
ii,  19-23  (1876);  Id.,  ibid.,  41-43  —  N.  A.  genera  only  (1876); 
Fernald,  Orthopt.  N.  Engl.,  34  —  N.  Engl.  genera  only  (1888); 
Brunner,  ReV.  syst.  Orthopt.,  118-123  (1893);  Morse,  Psyche, 
vii,  325-327  —  N.  Engl.  species  only  (1896);  McNeill,  Proc. 
Dav.  acad.  nat.  sc.,  vi,  195-198  (1897). 

Achurum.  —  (Table  of  species)  McNeill,  Proc.  Dav.  acad.  nat. 
sc.,  vi,  202  (1897). 

Acrocara.  —  (Table  of  species)  Scudder,  Psyche,  v,  437 
(1890). 

Mermiria. — (Table  of  species)  McNeill,  Proc.  Dav.  acad.  nat. 
sc.,  vi,  204-205(1897). 

Eritettix.  —  (Table  of  species)  McNeill,  Proc.  Dav.  acad.  nat. 
sc.,  vi,  218  (1897). 

Syrbula. — (Table  of  species)  McNeill,  Proc.  Dav.  acad.  nat. 
sc.,  vi,  221-222  (1897). 

Amphitornus.  —  (Table  of  species)  McNeill,  Proc.  Dav.  acad. 
nat.  sc.,  vi,  224  (1897). 

Amblytropidia.  —  (Table  of  species)  McNeill,  Proc.  Dav.  acad. 
nat.  sc.,  vi,  226-227  (1897). 

Chloealtis.  —  (Tables  of  species)  Thomas,  Acrid.  N.  A.,  74 
(1873);  Fernald,  Orthopt.  N.  Engl.,  35  (1888);  Morse,  Psyche, 
vii,  327  (1876);  McNeill,  Proc.  Dav.acad.  nat.  sc.,  vi,  228  (1897). 


74  GUIDE  TO    OKTHOPTERA 

Dichromorpha.  —  (Table  of  species)  McNeill,  Proc.  Dav.  acad. 
nat.  so.,  vi,  231  (1897). 

Orphula.  —  (Tables  of  species)  Morse,  Psyche,  vii,  326-327  — 
N.  Engl.  species  only  (1896);  McNeill,  Proc.  Dav.  acad.  nat.  sc., 
vi,  234-235(1897). 

Alpha.  — (Table  of  species)  McNeill,  Proc.  Dav.  acad.  nat.  sc., 
vi,  246  (1897). 

Boopedon.  — (Table  of  species)  McNeill,  Proc.  Dav.  acad.  nat. 
sc.,  vi,  250  (1897). 

Plectrotettix. — (Table  of  species)  McNeill,  Proc.  Dav.  acad. 
nat.  sc.,  vi,  252  (1897). 

Mecostethus. — (Tables  of  species)  Morse,  Psyche,  vii,  327 
(1896);  McNeill,  Proc.  Dav.  acad.  nat.  sc.,  vi,  254  (1897). 

Stenobothrus. — (Tables  of  species)  Thomas,  Acrid.  N.  A.,  81 
(1873);  Id.,  Key  111.  Orthopt.,  3  —  111.  species  only  (1875); 
McNeill,  Proc.  Dav.  acad.  nat.  sc.,  vi,  260  (1897). 

Gomphocerus. — (Tables  of  species)  Stal,  Rec.  Orthopt.,  i, 
108-111  (1873);  Bolivar,  Anal,  orthopt,  3-7  (1878);  McNeill, 
Proc.  Dav.  acad.  nat.  sc.,  vi,  265  (1897). 

Ageneotettix. — (Table  of  species)  McNeill,  Proc.  Dav.  acad. 
nat.  sc.,  vi,  268  (1897). 

Stirapleura. — (Table  of  species)  McNeill,  Proc.  Dav.  acad. 
nat.  sc.,  vi,  270-271  (1897). 

Psoloessa.  —  (Table  of  species)  McNeill,  Proc.  Dav.  acad.  nat. 
sc.,  vi,  273  (1897). 

OEDIPODINAE.  —  (Table  of  species)  de  Haan,  Bijdr.  kenn. 
Orthopt.,  159-61  (1842).  (Tables  of  genera  and  tribes) 
Thomas,  Acrid.  N.  A.,  71-72  (1873);  Stal,  Rec.  Orthopt.,  i, 
113-119  (1873);  Id.,  Obs.  orthopt.,  ii,  24-28,  43-47  (1873); 
Thomas,  Key  111.  Orthopt,  —  Illinois  genera  only  (1875); 
Scudder,  Rep.  Wheeler's  surv.,  1876,  508  —  Western  genera 
only  (1877);  Saussure,  Prodr.  Oedip.,  41-63  (1884);  Id.,  Add. 
prodr.  Oedip.,  14  (1888);  Comstock,  Introd.  ent,  103  —  Eastern 
genera  only  (1888);  Fernald,  Orthopt.  N.  Engl.,  38-39  — N. 
E.  genera  only  (1888);  Morse,  Psyche,  viii,  35-37 —N.  Engl. 
genera  only  (1897). 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  NOTES  —  A  CRIDIIDAE  75 

Oedipodini (Tables  of  genera)  Saussure,  Prodr.  Oedip., 

41-61,  154,  192  (1884);  Id.,  Add.  prodr.  Oedip.,  14-24  (1888). 

Arphia.  —  (Table  of  species)  Saussure,  Prodr.  Oedip,  65-66 
(1884). 

Chorlophaga.  —  (Tables  of  species)  Scudder,  Proc.  Bost.  soc. 
nat.  hist,  xvii,  479  (1875);  Saussure,  Prodr.  Oedip.,  72  (1884). 

Chimarocephala.  —  (Table  of  species)  Saussure,  Prodr.  Oedip., 
75  (1884). 

Encoptolophus.  —  (Tables  of  species)  Scudder,  Proc.  Bost.  soc. 
nat.  hist.,  xvii,  480  (1875);  Saussure,  Prodr.  Oedip.,  77  (1884). 

Hippiscus. —  (Tables  of  species)  Saussure,  Prodr.  Oedip.,  82— 
84,89-90  (1884);  Scudder,  Psyche,  vi,  266-74  (1892). 

Dissosteira.  —  (Table  of  species)  Saussure,  Prodr.  Oedip., 
134-35  (1884). 

Spharagemon. —  (Tables  of  species)  Scudder,  Proc.  Bost.  soc. 
nat.  hist,  xvii,  468  (1875);  Saussure,  Prodr.  Oedip.,  135  (1884); 
Fernald,  Orthopt.  1ST.  Engl.  43  — 1ST.  E.  species  (1888);  Morse, 
Psyche,  vii,  290,  292,  295  —  N.  Engl.  species  only  (1895). 

Scirtettica.  —  (Table  of  species)  Saussure,  Prodr.  Oedip.,  135 
(1884). 

Isactista.  —  (Table  of  species)  Saussure,  Prodr.  Oedip.,  142-43 
(1884). 

Tomonotus.  —  (Table  of  species)  Saussure,  Prodr.  Oedip.,  97 
(1884). 

Derotmema.  —  (Table  of  species)  Saussure,  Prodr.  Oedip.,  155 
(1884). 

Mestobregma.  —  (Tables  of  species)  Saussure,  Prodr.  Oedip., 
160-61  (1884);  Id.,  Add.  prodr.  Oedip.,  58-59  (1888). 

Conozoa.  —  (Tables  of  species)  Saussure,  Prodr.  Oedip.,  165 
(1884);  Id.,  Add.  prodr.  Oedip.,  60-61  (1888). 

Trimerotropis.  —  (Tables  of  species)  Saussure,  Prodr.  Oedip., 
167-68  (1884);  Id.,  Add.  prodr.  Oedip.,  63  (1888). 

Circotettix. —  (Table  of  species)  Saussure,  Prodr.  Oedip.,  175 
(1884). 

Heliastus.  —  (Table  of  species)  Saussure,  Prodr.  Oedip.,  212- 
13  (1884). 


76  GUIDE   TO    OHTHOJTICIU 


.  —  (Tables   of  genera)    Haussuro,   Prodr.  Oedip., 
61-08  (1HH4);  Id,,  Add.  prodr.  Oedip,,  122-24  (1888), 

llrtwhyatola.  —  (Table  of  species)  Haussure,  Prodr.  Oedip.,  I  Oil 
(1884), 

A<!iui>ijNAJc.  —  (Tables  of  genera  and  higher  groups)  Thomas, 
Acrid,  N,  A,,  144-45(1878);  Htal,  Hoc.  Orthopt.,  i,  20-44  (187)1); 
Id,,  Obi,  orthopt,,  ii,  10-10  (1870);  Id,,  ibid,,  ii,  87-41—  N.  A. 
genera  (1870);  Id,,  Hyst,  Acrid,,  6-68  (1878);  ComHtock,  Inti..,f 
nut.,  100  —  the  commoner  N,  A.  genera  (1888);  Fernald,  Orthopt. 
N,  Kiitfl.,  18—N,  Kngl.  genera  (1888);  Brunnor,  Ii6v.  nynt. 
Orthopt,  181-61  (1808), 

Dfatyophorui,  —  (Lint  of  Hpocies)  l>ictot-HauHHiiro,Catal,  Acrid., 
i,17  (1887), 

Hhomaltui,  —  (Table  and  Lint  of  npecieH)  IMctot-HauHHiin', 
Catal,  Acrid,,  i,  18-20(1887). 

TropMacria.  —  (Tabkm  and  Lint  of  Hpocicn)  Htal,  Heo.  Orthopt., 
i,  48-41)  (1878);  Pictot-HaiiNHurc,  Oatal.  Acrid.,  i,  28-29  (1887). 

tfoMatoaeraa,  —  (TablcH  of  Hpoukm)  Htal,  Hec.  Orthopt,,  i,  01  (17 
(1878);  ThorniM,  Acrid,  N,  A,,  109  (1878);  Id,,  Key  111.  Ortli..|.i., 
8  —  Illinoiii  Bpoolos  only  (1876). 

Molanopli.  —  (TablcH  of  genera)  Htal,  Obs.  orthopt,,  iii,  8-6 
(1878);  Hrunner,  IWv,  Hyst.  Orthopt.,  144-47  (1898);  Houd<l<T, 
PHyche,  vii,  807-08  —  N.  E.  genera  only  (1890);  Id,,  Proo.  UIIHT. 
acad,  artM  HC,,  xxxii,  195-204  (1897).  A  monograph  on  thin 
group,  with  tablet*  and  dcncriptionH  of  all  the  N.  A.  genera  :md 
Hpecien  will  Hhortly  be  ])iil)liHhed  by  the  U.  H.  National  MIIHCIIIII. 

J*otUain(i,  —  (Tablen  of  Hpecien)  Thoinan,  Acrid,  N.  A.,  l-lfi  Hi 
(1878);  Id.,  Key  111,  Orthopt,,  8  —  Illinois  spooien  only  (187f>); 
Htal,  Ob«,  orthopt,,  iii,  14-16  (1878). 

.AMwKyilua.  —  (Tables  of  HpecioH)  ThomaH,  Ann.  rep.  U.S. 
geol,  miry,  torr,,  v,  449-60  (1872);  Id,,  Acrid.  N.  A.,  168  (1878); 
Id,,  Key  111.  Orthopt.,  8  —  •  Illinois  species  only  (1876);  Seu<l«l«  i, 
Proc.  Bout,  HOG.  nat,  hist.,  xix,  822-24  —  N.  Kngl.  species  only 
(1878);  Id,,  ibid,  827-28  —  Weitorn  ipeoiea  only  (1878);  f 
Obs.  orthopt,,  ill,  18-14  (1878);  Comstook,  Introd.  ent.,  los, 
eonunoner  species  only  (1888);  Fernald,  Orthopt.  N.  Kngl,  ,81- 


ArmrAL  NOTKS  — i.orrsTin.u:  77 

N.  Engl.  species  only  (1SSS);  Scuddor,  Psyeho,  vii.  ;Jt»S  -70 — 
N.  Kngl.  specie*  only  ^lS(.)ii);  Seiidder,  Proc.  amer.  philos.  soc., 
x\\vi,  (1897), 

Tables  of  those  ami  all  tho  other  genera  of  Melanopli  having 
more  than  one  species  will  bo  fouiul  in  tho  forthcoming  memoir 
referred  to  umler 


LOCUSTIDAE. 

Tables  more  or  loss  complete  for  determining  the  higher  groups 
of  the  genera  will  be  fouiul  in  Kurmoister,  llamlb.  out.,  ii.  073-75 
(1888);  Servillo,  Orthoptores,  .S7ti-83  (1839);  de  Haan,  Bijdr., 
konn.  Orthopt.,  ISO-Sli  (1S4'J);  Kiol^r,  Syii.  eur.  Orthopt- 
N  ti-J,  passim  (1858);  Fischer,  Orthopt.  eur.,  197-99  (1858); 
ScutMor.  l>t>st.  jouru.  nat.  hist.,  vii,  414  —  N.  Engl.  genera  only 
(1862);  StAl,  Uoc,  Orthopt.,  ii,  1-4  (1874);  Thomas,  Key  HI. 
Orthopt.,  li  —  Illinois  genera  only  (1875);  Brunner,  Monogr. 
Thanoropt.,  U>  1'J  (1S7S);  1,1.,  Prodr.  eur.  Orthopt.,  H  1>  ll» 
Kuropoan  groups  only  (1882);  Comstook,  Introd.  ent.,  113  — 
northeastern  I '.  s.  genera  only  (1888);  Fornahl,  Orthopt.  N. 
Engl.,  18  — N.  Engl.  genera  only  (1888);  Brunner,  Re*v.  syst. 
Ortliopt.,  165-66  (1898);  Sharp,  Cambr.  nat.  hist.,  v,  82S  Ji< 
(1895), 

Pu  \NKKOITIM;INAE. — (Tables  of  genera  and  higher  groups 
StAl,  ()fv.  vet.  akah.  forh.,  xxx,  39-4'J  (1ST,");  Id.,  K\v.  Ortho|>t., 
ii.  8  -JH  (1874)j  niunner,  Monogr.  Phaneropt,,  12-82 (1878);  Id., 
Add.  monogr.  Thaneropt.,  8-24  (1891). 

Odouturae — (Tables  of  genera)  Brunner,  Monogr.  Phaneropt, 
U  \:\  (1S7S);  Id.,  Add.  monogr.  Phaneropt.,  8-4  (1891). 

Dichopetcda. — (Table  of  species)  Brunner.  Monogr.  Than- 
rropt..  7i»  (1S7S). 

llonniliae (Tables  of  genera)  r.runner,  Monogr.  Phaneropt., 

•Jl  ( 1S78);  Id.,  Add.  monogr.  Phanoropt.,  16  (1891). 

Arethaea. — (Table  of  species)  Brunner,  Monogr.  Phaneropt) 
(1878). 


78  GUIDE  TO    ORTHOPTERA 

Seudderiae.  —  (Tables  of  genera)  Brunner,  Monogr.  Phaneropt., 
25  (1878);  Id.,  Add.  monogr.  Phaneropt,  16-17  (1891). 

Scudderia.  — (Table  of  species)  Brunner,  Monogr.  Phaneropt., 
237-38  (1878). 

Symmetopleura. — (Table  of  species)  Brunner,  Monogr.  Phan- 
eropt., 245-46  (1878). 

Amblycoryphae — (Tables  of  genera)  Brunner,  Monogr.  Phan- 
eropt., 26-27  (1878);  Id.,  Add.  monogr.  Phaneropt.,  19  (1891). 

Amblycorypha. —  (Table  of  species)  Brunner,  Monogr.  Phan- 
eropt, 265-66  (1878). 

Microcentra. — (Tables  of  genera)  Brunner,  Monogr.  Phan- 
eropt., 29-31  (1878);  Id.,  Add.  monogr.  Phaneropt.,  22-23 
(1891). 

Microcentrum. — (Tables  of  species)  Brunner,  Monogr.  Phan- 
eropt., 334-35  (1878);  Id.,  Add.  monogr.  Phaneropt,  179-80 
(1891). 

PSEUD  OPHYLLINAE. —  (Tables  of  genera  and  higher  groups) 
Stal,  Ofv.  vet.  akad.  forh.,  xxx,  44-48  (1873);  Id.,  Rec.  Orthopt, 
ii,  48-67  (1874);  Brunner,  Monogr.  Pseudoph.,  9-22  (1895). 

Bliastes.  —  (Table  of  species)  Brunner,  Monogr.  Pseudoph., 
181-83  (1895). 

Cyrtophyllus.  — (Table  of  species)  Brunner,  Monogr.  Pseud- 
oph., 239  (1895). 

CONOCEPHALINAE. — (Tables  of  genera  and  higher  groups) 
Stal,  Ofv.  vet.  akad.  forh.,  xxx,  50  (1873);  Id.,  Rec.  Orthopt,  ii, 
96-104  (1874);  Redtenbacher,  Verh.  zool.-bot.  gesellsch.  Wien, 
xli,  327-33  (1891). 

Conocephalini (Table  of  species)  de  Haan,  Bijdr.  kenn. 

Orthopt.,  211-12  (1842).  (Table  of  genera)  Redtenbacher, 
Verh.  zool.-bot.  gesellsch.  Wien,  xli,  328-30  (1891). 

Copiophora.  —  (Tables  of  species)  Stal,  Rec.  Orthopt.,  ii,  104- 
105  (1874);  Redtenbacher,  Verh.  zool.-bot.  gesellsch.  Wien, 
xli,  340  (1891). 

Pyrgocorypha.  — (Table  of  species)  Redtenbacher,  Verh.  zool.- 
bot.  gesellsch.  Wien,  xli,  372  (1891). 

Conocephalus. — (Tables  of  species)  Stal,  Rec.  Orthopt.  ii,  108- 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  NOTES  —  LOCUSTIDAE  79 

110  (1874);  Redtenbacher,  Verh.  zool.-bot.  gesellsch.  Wein, 
xli,  378-86  (1891). 

Xiphidiini.— (Tables  of  genera)  Stal,  Rec.  Orthopt.,  ii,  111-13 
(1874);  Redtenbacher,  Verh.  zool.-bot.  gesellsch.  Wien,  xli, 
333  (1891).  (Table  of  species)  Fernald,  Orthopt.  N.  Engl.,  24 
-N.  Engl.  species  only  (1888). 

Orchelimum.  —  (Table  of  species)  Redtenbacher,  Verh.  zool.- 
bot.  gesellsch.  Wien,  xli,  494-95  (1891). 

XipMdium.  —  (Table  of  species)  Redtenbacher,  Verh.  zool.- 
bot.  gesellsch.  Wien,  xli,  495-99  (1891). 

DECTICINAE. — (Tables  of  genera)  Herman,  Verh.  zool.-bot. 
gesellsch.  Wien,  xxiv,  197-201  (1874);  Brunner,  ReV.  syst. 
Orthopt,  185-88  (1893);  Scudder,  Can.  ent.,  xxvi,  177-79 
(1894). 

Atlanticus. — (Table  of  species)  Scudder,  Can.  ent.,  xxvi,  179- 
80  (1894). 

Capnobotes.  —  (Table  of  species)  Scudder,  Can.  ent.,  xxix,  73— 
74  (1897). 

Steiroxys. — (Table  of  species)  Scudder,  Can.  ent.,  xxvi,  182 
(1894). 

STENOPELMATINAE. —  (Tables  of  genera  and  higher  groups) 
Stal,  Obs.  orthopt.,  ii,  49-53  (1876);  Brunner,  Monogr.  Stenop., 
9-13  (1888). 

Stenopelmatini.  —  (Table  of  genera)  Brunner,  Monogr.  Stenop., 
9  (1888). 

Stenopelmatus. — (Table  of  species)  Brunner,  Monogr.  Stenop., 
14-15  (1888). 

Rhaphidophorini —  (Table  of  genera)  Brunner,  Monogr. 
Stenop.,  12-13  (1888). 

Ceuthophili.  —  (Tables  of  genera)  Brunner,  Monogr.  Stenop., 
12-13  (1888);  Scudder,  Proc.  amer.  acad.  arts  sc.,  xxx,  20-21 
(1894). 

Hadenoecus.  —  (Table  of  species)  Scudder,  Proc.  amer.  acad. 
arts  sc.,  xxx,  22  (1894). 

Ceuthophilus.  —  (Tables  of  species)  Brunner,  Monogr.  Stenop., 
61-62  (1888);  Scudder,  Proc.  amer.  acad.  arts  sc.,  xxx,  24-30 
(1894). 


80  GUIDE  TO    ORTHOPTERA 

Phrixocnemis. — (Table  of  species)  Scudder,  Proc.  amer. 
acad.  arts  sc.,  xxx,  103  (1894). 

Daihinia.  — (Table  of  species)  Scudder,  Proc.  amer.  acad.  arts 
sc.,  xxx,  108  (1894). 

Udeopsylla.  —  (Table  of  species)  Scudder,  Proc.  amer.  acad. 
artssc.,  xxx,  109(1894). 


GRYLLIDAE. 

Tables  of  genera  and  higher  groups  will  be  found  in  Burmeister, 
Handb.  ent.,ii,  729  (1838);  Serville,  Orthopteres,  298-99  (1839); 
de  Haan,  Bijdr.  kenn.  Orthopt.,  227-28  (1842);  Fieber,  Syn. 
eur.  Orthopt,  62—69,  passim  —  the  European  genera  (1853); 
Fischer,  Orthopt.  eur.,  151-52  —  European  genera  (1853); 
Scudder,  Bost.  journ.  nat.  hist.,  vii,  413-14  —  N.  Engl.  genera 
only  (1862);  Saussure,  Miss,  scient.  Mex.,  Orthopt.  332  (1874); 
Thomas,  Key  111.  Orthopt.,  2,  —  Illinois  genera  (1875);  Brunner, 
Mitth.  schweiz.  ent.  gesellsch.,  iv,  164^67  (1877);  Saussure,  Me"l. 
orthopt.,  ii,  185  (1877)  ;  Brunner,  Prodr.  eur.  Orthopt.,  419-20 
—  European  genera  (1882);  Comstock,  Introd.  ent.  120  — 
common  American  genera  (1888);  Fernald,  Orthopt.  N.  Engl., 
12  — N.  Engl.  genera  (1888);  Sharp,  Cambr.  nat.  hist.,  v,  340 
(1895);  Saussure,  Biol.  centr.  amer.,  Orthopt.,  198-99  (1894). 

GKYLLOTALPINAE.  —  (Tables  of  genera)  Saussure,  Miss,  scient. 
Mex.,  Orthopt.,  334  (1874);  Id.,  Ma  orthopt.,  ii,  187  (1877); 
Brunner,  Mitth.  schweiz.  ent.  gesellsch.,  166-67  (1877). 

Gryllotalpa. —  (Tables  of  species)  de  Haan,  Bijdr.  kenn. 
Orthopt.,  237  (1842);  Scudder,  Mem.  Peab.  acad.  sc.,  i,  16 
(1869);  Saussure,  Miss,  scient.  Mex.,  Orthopt.,  341  (1874);  Id., 
Mel.  orthopt.,  ii,  192-93  (1877). 

Scapteriscus.  —  (Tables  of  species)  Scudder,  Mem.  Peab.  acad. 
sc.,  i,  7  (1869);  Saussure,  Miss,  scient.  Mex.,  Orthopt.,  337 
(1874). 

Tridactylus.  —  (Tables  of  species)  de  Haan,  Bijdr.  kenn. 
Orthopt.,  237-38  (1842);  Saussure,  Miss,  scient.  Mex.,  Orthopt., 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  NOTES  —  GR YLLIDAE  8 1 

351  (1874);  Id.,  Mel.  orthopt.,  ii,  214-15  (1877);  Id.,  Biol.  centr. 
amer.,  Orthopt.,  204  (1896);  Id.,  Rev.  suisse  zool.,iv,  30  (1897). 

MYRMECOPHILINAE. —  (Tables  of  genera)  Saussure,  Miss,  sclent. 
Mex.,  Orthopt.,  423  (1874);  Id.,  Mel.  orthopt.,  ii, 456-57  (1877). 
Brunner,  Mitth.  schweiz.  ent.  gesellsch.,  iv,  167  (1877). 

Cydoptilum.  —  (Table  of  species)  Saussure,  Miss,  scient.  Mex., 
Orthopt.,  426  (1874). 

GBYLLINAE.  —  (Tables  of  genera)  Saussure,  Miss,  scient.  Mex., 
Orthopt.,  380  (1874);  Id.,  Mel.  orthopt.,  ii,  231-33,  451  (1877); 
Brunner,  Mitth.  schweiz.  ent.  gesellsch.,  iv,  166  (1877). 

Nemobius. —  (Tables  of  species)  Saussure,  Miss,  scient.  Mex., 
Orthopt.,  382  (1874);  Id.,  M61.  orthopt.,  ii,  240-42  (1877); 
Scudder,  Journ.  N.  Y.  ent.  soc.,  iv,  100-101  (1896);  Id.,  Psyche, 
vii,  431-33  (1896). 

Gryllus.  —  (Tables  of  species)  de  Haan,  Bijdr.  kenn.  Orthopt., 
229-30  (1842);  Saussure,  Miss,  scient.  Mex.,  Orthopt.,  395-96 
(1874);  Id.,  M61.  orthopt.,  ii,  314-16  (1877). 

Gryllodes.  —  (Tables  of  species)  Saussure,  Miss,  scient.  Mex., 
Orthopt.,  410-11  (1874)  ;  Id.,  Mel.  orthopt,  ii,  367-68  (1877) . 

OECANTHINAE.  —  (Tables  of  genera)  Saussure,  Miss,  scient. 
Mex.,  Orthopt.,  429-30  (1874);  Brunner,  Mitth.  schweiz.  ent. 
gesellsch.,  iv,  454-55  (1877);  Saussure,  Mel.  orthopt.,  ii,  536-39 
(1878). 

Oecanthus.  —  (Tables  of  species)  Saussure,  Miss,  scient.  Mex., 
Orthopt.,  458  (1874) ;  Id.,  Mel.  orthopt,  ii,  593  (1878) .  (Distinc- 
tions between  N.  A.  species)  Hart,  Ent.  news,  iii,  33-34  (1892). 

TRIGONIDIINAE.  —  (Tables  of  genera)  Saussure,  Miss,  scient. 
Mex.,  Orthopt.,  363  (1874);  Brunner,  Mitth.  schweiz.  ent. 
gesellsch.,  iv,  455-56  (1877);  Saussure,  Mel.  orthopt,  ii,  601-602 
(1878);  Brunner,  Re~v.  syst  Orthopt,  207  (1893). 

Anaxiphus.  —  (Table  of  species)  Saussure,  Miss,  scient.  Mex., 
Orthopt,  371  (1874). 

Cyrtoxiphus. — (Tables  of  species)  Saussure,  Miss,  scient.  Mex., 
Orthopt,  373  (1874);  Id.,  Mel.  orthopt.,  ii,  618  (1878). 

Phylloscirtus. — (Tables  of  species)  Gerstaecker,  Stett.  ent. 
zeit,  xxiv,  425-26  (1863);  Saussure,  Miss,  scient.  Mex.,  Orthopt., 


82  GUIDE  TO  ORTHOPTERA 

365  (1874);  Id.,  Mel.  orthopt.,  ii,  635-36  (1878);  Burmeister, 
Cephal.  u.  Phyllosc.  15-16  (1880). 

ENEOPTERESTAE. — (Tables  of  genera)  Saussure,  Miss,  sclent. 
Mex.,  Orthopt.,  465-66  (1874);  Brunner,  Mitth.  schweiz.  ent. 
gesellsch.,  iv,  455  (1877);  Saussure,  Me"l.  orthopt.,  ii,  645-49 
(1878). 

Paroecanthus. — (Tables  of  species)  Saussure,  Miss,  scient. 
Mex.,  Orthopt.,  470  (1874);  Id.,  Mel.  orthopt.,  ii,  735  (1878). 

Apithis.  —  (Tables  of  species)  Saussure,  Miss,  scient.  Mex., 
Orthopt.,  488  (1874);  Id.,  Mel  orthopt.,  ii,  744-45  (1878). 

Orocharis.  —  (Tables  of  species)  Saussure,  Miss,  scient.  Mex., 
Orthopt.,  494  (1874);  Id.,  Mel  orthopt.,  ii,  751  (1878). 

Metrypa.  —  (Tables  of  species)  Saussure,  Miss,  scient.  Mex., 
Orthopt.,  513  (1874);  Id.,  Mel.  orthopt.,  ii,  812-13  (1878). 

Other  tables  of  genera  and  higher  groups  of  Gryllidae  will 
doubtless  appear  in  Saussure's  treatment  of  the  family  in  the 
Biologia  centrali-americana,  now  in  the  course  of  publication. 


LITERATURE  83 

LIST   OF   THE   LITERATURE 

REFERRED  TO  IN  THE  PRECEDING  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  NOTES. 

Bolivar,  Ignacio.      Analecta  orthopterologica.      48  pp.,  2  pi.     [Madrid] 
1878.    8°.     (Anal.  soc.  espan.  hist,  nat.,  vii,  423-470,  pi.  4-5.) 

Essai  sur  les  Acridiens  de  la  tribu  des  Tettigidae.    2  -f- 139  pp.,  2  pi. 

Gand,  1887.    8°.     (Ann.  soc.  ent.  Belg.  xxxi,  175-313,  pi.  1-2.) 

Bormans,  August.  Etude  sur  quelques  Forficulaires  nouveaux  ou  peu 
connus,  precedee  d'un  tableau  synoptique  des  genres  de  cette  famille.  36 
pp.,  1  pi.,  1  sheet.  Bruxelles,  1883.  8°.  (Ann.  soc.  ent.  Belg.,  xxvii,  59-90, 
pi.  2.) 

—  Dermaptera.    Godm.-Salv.,  Biol.  centr.  amer.,  Orthopt,  1-12,  pi.  1-2- 
London,  1893.    4°. 

Brunner  von  Wattenwyl,  Carl.  Nouveau  systeme  des  Blattaires.  426  pp., 
13  pi.  Vienne,  1865.  8°. 

—  Systeme  des  Gryllides.    8  pp.     [Schaffhausen],  1877.    8°.    (Mitth. 
schweiz.  ent.  gesellsch.,  iv,  163-170.) 

Monographie  der  Phaneropteriden.    2  +  401  pp.,  8  pi.  Wien,  1878. 

8°.  —  Additamenta  zur  monographic  der  Phaneropteriden.     196  pp.,  2  pi. 
Wien,  1891.     8C.     (Verh.  zool.-bot.  gesellsch.  Wien,  xli,  1-196,  pi.  1-2.) 

Prodromus  der  europaischen  Orthopteren.      32  -+•  466  pp.,  12  pi. 

Leipzig,  1882.    8°. 

Monographie  der  Stenopelmatiden  und  Gryllacriden.     150  pp.,  4  pi. 

Wien,  1888.    8°.     (Verh.  zool.-bot.  gesellsch.  Wien,  xxxviii,  247-394,  pi. 
5-8.) 

Revision  du  systeme  des  Orthopteres,  et  description  des  especes  rap- 

portees  par  M.  Leonardo  Fea  de  Birmanie.    230  pp.,  6  pi.     Geneva,  1893. 
8°.     (Ann.  mus.  civ.  stor.  nat.  Genova,  (2),  xiii,  1-230,  pi.  1-6.) 

Monographie  der  Pseudophylliden.  4  +282  pp.,  10  pi.  Wien,  1895.  Text 
8°,  plates  4°. 

Burmeister,  Hermann  Carl  Conrad.  Handbuch  der  entomologie.  Bd.  II, 
abth.  ii.  666  pp.  Berlin,  1838.  8°. 

Cephalocaema  und  Phylloscirtus,  zwei  merkwiirdige  Orthopteren- 

gattungen  der  fauna  argentina.     20  pp.,  1  pi.    Halle,  1880.    4°.     (Abh. 
naturf.  gesellsch.  Halle,  xv,  1-20,  pi.  1.) 

Comstock,  John  Henry.  An  introduction  to  entomology  [Part  i].  4  -f-  234 
pp.  Ithaca,  1888.  8°. 

and  Comstock,  Anna  Botsford.    A  manual  for  the  study  of  insects. 

12  4-  701  pp.,  6  pi.    Ithaca,  1895.    8'J. 


84  GUIDE   TO   OKTHOPTEKA 

Dohrn,  Wolfgang  Ludwig  Heinrich.  Versuch  einer  monographie  der  Der- 
mapteren.  Stett.  ent.  zeit.,  xxiv-xxviii,  passim.  Stettin,  1863-67.  8°. 

Fernald,  Charles  Henry.  The  Orthoptera  of  New  England ;  designed  for  the 
use  of  the  students  in  the  Massachusetts  agricultural  college  and  the  farmers 
of  the  state.  61  pp.  Boston,  1888.  8°.  (Ann.  rep.  Mass,  agric.  coll.,  xxv 
[Pub.  doc.  1888,  31],  89-145;  Kep.  sec.  board  agric.  Mass.,  1887,  421-481.) 

Fieber,  Franz  Xavier.  Synopsis  der  europaischen  Orthopteren,  mit 
besonderer  riicksicht  auf  die  in  Bohmen  vorkommenden  arten.  4  -f-  79  pp. 
Prag,  1854  [1853*].  (Lotos,  iii,  passim.) 

Finot,  Adrien.  Faune  de  la  France.  Insectes  Orthopteres.  Thysanoures 
et  Orthopteres  proprement  dits.  322  pp.,  13  pi.  Fontainebleau,  1890.  8°. 

Fischer,  Leopold  Heinrich.  Orthoptera  europaea.  20  +  454  pp.,  18  pi. 
Lipsiae,  1853.  4°. 

Gerstaecker,  Carl  Eduard  Adolph.  Scepastus  und  Phylloscirtus,  zwei 
kaferahnliche  Grylloden-gattungen.  Stett.  ent.  zeit.,  xxiv,  408-436.  Stettin, 
1863.  8°. 

Glover,  Townend.  Illustrations  of  North  American  entomology  (United 
States  and  Canada).  Orthoptera.  5  +•  11  pp.,  13  pi.  Washington,  1872. 
4°.  Five  additional  plates,  with  MS.  explanation,  were  afterward  issued, 
four  in  1874,  the  last  still  later. 

Haan,  Willem  de.  Bijdragen  tot  de  kennis  der  Orthoptera.  Temminck, 
Verh.  nat.  geschied.  Nederl.  overz.  bezitt.,  45-248,  pi.  10-23.  Leiden, 
1842,  fol. 

Hart,  Charles  A.  On  the  species  of  Oecanthus.  Ent.  news,  iii,  33-34. 
Philadelphia,  1892.  8°. 

Herman,  Otto.  Die  Decticiden  der  Brunner  von  Wattenwyl'schen  samm- 
lung;  i,  genera.  Verh.  zool.-bot.  gesellsch.  Wien,  xxiv,  191-210  pi.  3-6. 
Wien,  1874.  8°. 

Kirby,  William  Forsell.  A  revision  of  the  Forficulidae,  with  descriptions 
of  new  species  in  the  British  museum.  Journ.  linn.  soc.  Lond.,  zool.,  xxiii, 
502-531,  pi.  12.  London,  1890.  8°. 

McNeill,  Jerome.  Revision  of  the  Truxalinae  of  North  America.  Proc. 
Davenp.  acad.  nat.  so.,  vi,  179-274,  pi.  1-6.  Davenport,  1897.  8°. 

Morse,  Albert  Pitts.  Notes  on  the  Acrididae  of  New  England,  i,  Tetti- 
ginae;  ii,  Tryxalinae;  iii,  Oedipodinae.  Psyche  vii-viii,  passim.  Cam- 
bridge, 1894-1897.  4°. 

— — Revision  of  the  species  of  Spharagemon.  Psyche,  vii,  287-299.  Cam- 
bridge, 1895.  4°. 

*  The  date  on  the  title  page  is  1854,  but  the  whole  appeared  by  instalments  in  Lotos 
in  1853— the  last,  in  November,  containing  the  Gryllidae;  and  Fieber  in  mentioning 
this  in  Lotos  (iv,  146,  note)  says  of  the  separate  issue  "  unrichtig  mit  der  jahreszahl 
1854."  It  is  important,  as  it  thus  precedes  Fischer's  work,  the  preface  of  which  is 
ix.,  dated,  Cal.  Nov.  MDCCCLIII." 


LITERATURE  85 

Pictet,  Alphonse  et  Saussure,  Henri  de.  Catalogue  d'Acridiens.  46  pp. 
Schaffhouse,  1887.  8°.  (Bull.  soc.  ent.  suisse,  vii,  331-376.) 

Eedtenbacher,  Josef.  Monographic  der  Conocephaliden.  Verh.  zool.-bot. 
gesellsch.  Wien,  xli,  315-562,  pi.  3-4.  Wien,  1891.  8°. 

Saussure,  Henri  de.  Melanges  orthopterologiques.  Tomes  i-ii.  Geneve. 
4°.  T.  i,  460  pp.,  7  pi.,  1863-71.  T.  ii,  834  pp.,  19  pi.,  1872-1878.  (Extr. 
M6m.  soc.  phys.  hist.  nat.  Geneve,  xvii-xxv.) 

Orthopteres  de  PAmSrique  moyenne.  279  pp.,  2  pi.  Geneve,  1864. 

4°.  (Sauss.,  Mem.  hist.  nat.  Mex.,  I,  iii-iv.) 

Synopsis  des  Mantides  americains.  184  pp.,  2  pi.  Geneve,  1871. 

4°.  (Sauss.,  Me'm.  hist.  nat.  Mex.,  II,  i.) 

Essai  d'un  systeme  des  Mantides.  Mitth.  schweiz.  ent.  gesellsch.,  iii, 

49-73.  Schaffhausen,  1872.  8°. 

Additions  au  systeme  des  Mantides.  Mitth.  schweiz.  ent.  gesellsch.,  iii, 

221-244.  Schaffhausen,  1872.  8°. 

—  Etudes  sur  les  insectes  Orthopteres.    6  -f-  533  pp.,  8  pi.    Paris,  1872 
[1872-79].    fol.     (Miss,  scient.  Mex.  et  Amdr.  centr.,  Rech.  zool.) 

Prodromus  Oedipodiorum,  insectorum  ex  ordine  Orthopterorum.  256 

pp.,  1  pi.  Geneve,  1884.  4°.  (M&n.  soc.  phys.  hist.  nat.  Geneve,  xxviii, 
No.  9.) —  Additamenta  ad  prodromum  Oedipodiorum.  182  pp.,  1  pi.  Geneve, 
1888.  4°.  (M6m.  soc.  phys.  hist.  nat.  Geneve,  xxx,  No  1.)  These  two  were 
subsequently  connected,  with  a  new  title  page  :  Prodrome  des  Oedipodiens, 
insectes  de  1'ordre  des  Orthopteres.  Geneve,  1888.  4°. 

Revision  de  la  tribu  des  Panesthiens  et  de  celle  des  Epilampriens, 

insectes  Orthopteres  de  la  famille  des  Blattides.  Rev.  suisse  zool.,  iii, 
299-364,  pi.  9.  Geneve,  1895.  8°. 

Revision  du  genre  Tridactylus.  Rev.  suisse  zool.,  iv,  407-419, 

Geneve,  1897.  8°. 

Orthoptera  genuina :  Gryllidae.  Godm.-Salv.,  Biol.  centr.  Amer., 

Orthopt.,  198-  pi.  11-  London,  1894.  4°.  (In  course  of  publication.) 

et  Zehntner,  Leo.  Orthoptera  genuina :  Blattidae,  Mantidae.  Godm.- 
Salv.,  Biol.  centr.  amer.,  Orthopt.,  13-197,  pi.  1-10.  London,  1893-94.  4.° 

Scudder,  Samuel  Hubbard.  Materials  for  a  monograph  of  the  North 
American  Orthoptera,  including  a  catalogue  of  the  known  New  England 
species.  Bost.  journ.  nat.  hist.,  vii,  409-480.  Boston,  1862.  8°. 

Catalogue  of  the  Orthoptera  of  North  America,  described  previous 

to  1867.  20  -1-  89  pp.  Washington,  1868.  8°. 

—  Revision  of  the  large,  stylated,  fossorial  crickets.    28  pp.,   1  pi. 
Salem,  1869.     8°.     (Mem.  Peab.  acad.  sc.,  i.) 

Spharagemon,  a  genus  of  Oedipodidae,  with  a  revision  of  the  species. 

Proc.  Bost.  soc.  nat.  hist.,  xvii,  467-471 ;  Ent.  notes,  iv,  66-70.  Boston,  1875. 
8°. 

Revision  of  two  American  genera  of  Oedipodidae.  Proc.  Bost.  soc., 

nat.  hist.,  xvii,  478-485  ;  Ent.  notes,  iv,  77-84.  Boston,  1875.  8°. 


86  GUIDE  TO    ORTHOPTERA 

Scudder,  Samuel  Hubbard.  Brief  synopsis  of  North  American  earwigs, 
with  an  appendix  on  the  fossil  species.  Bull.  U.  S.  geol.  surv.  terr.,  ii,  249- 
260.  Washington,  1876.  8°. 

Synoptical  tables  for  determining  North  American  insects.  Orthop- 

tera.  Psyche,  i,  169-171.  Cambridge,  1876.  8°. 

Synoptical  tables  for  determining  North  American  insects.  Orthop- 

tera  — U.  S.  Eorficulariae.  Psyche,  i,  177-178.  Cambridge,  1876.  8°. 

Critical  and  historical  notes  on  Forficulariae ;  including  descriptions 

of  new  generic  forms  and  an  alphabetical  synonymic  list  of  the  described 
species.  Proc.  Bost.  soc.  nat.  hist.,  xviii,  287-332  ;  Ent.  notes,  v,  27-72. 
Boston,  1876.  8°. 

Report  on  the  Orthoptera  collected  by  the  U.  S.  geographical  surveys 

west  of  the  100th  meridian,  under  the  direction  of  Lt.  George  M.  Wheeler, 
during  the  season  of  1875.  Rep.  chief  eng.,  1876,  498-515.  Washington, 
1877.  8°. 

Remarks  on  Calliptenus  and  Melanoplus,  with  a  notice  of  the  species 

found  in  New  England.  Proc.  Bost.  soc.  nat.  hist.,  xix,  281-286  ;  Ent.  notes, 
vi,  40-45.  Boston,  1878.  8°. 

Brief  notice  of  the  American  species  of  Melanoplus  found  west  of  the 

one  hundred  and  seventeenth  meridian.  Proc.  Bost.  soc.  nat.  hist.,  xix,  286- 
290  ;  Ent.  notes,  vi,  45-49.  Boston,  1878.  8°. 

Some  genera  of  Oedipodidae  rescued  from  the  Tryxalidae.  Psyche, 

v,  431-442.  Cambridge,  1890.  4°. 

The  Orthopteran  genus  Hippiscus.  Psyche  vi,  passim.  Cambridge, 

1892.  4°. 

A  preliminary  view  of  the  North  American  Decticidae.  Can.  ent., 

xxvi,  177-184.  London,  1894.  8°. 

The  North  American  Ceuthophili.  Proc.  Amer.  acad.  arts  sc.,  xxx, 

17-113.  Boston,  1894.  8°. 

Summary  of  the  U.  S.  Phasmidae.    Can.  ent.,  xxvii,  29-30.    London, 

1895.  8°. 

The  New  England  Melanopli.    Psyche,  vii,  367-370.     Cambridge, 

1896.  4°. 

The  North  American  species  of  Nemobius.  Journ.  N.  Y.  ent.  soc.,  iv, 

99-107.  New  York,  1896.  8°. 

The  species  of  Nemobius  found  in  North  America.  Psyche,  vii, 

431-434.  Cambridge,  1896.  4°. 

Index  to  the  Mantidae  of  North  America  north  of  Mexico.  Can.  ent., 

xxviii,  207-215.  London,  1896.  8°. 

The  genera  of  North  America  Melanopli.  Proc.  amer.  acad.  arts 

sc.,  xxxii,  192-206.  Boston,  1897.  8°. 

Synonymical  and  descriptive  notes  on  North  American  Orthoptera. 

Can.  ent.,  xxix,  73-76.  London,  1897.  8C. 

The  species  of  the  genus  Melanoplus.  Proc.  amer.  phil.  soc.,  xxxvi. 

Philadelphia,  1897.  8°. 


LITERATURE  87 

Serville,  Jean  Guillaume  Audinet.  Revue  mSthodique  des  insectes  de  1'ordre 
des  Orthopteres.  101  pp.  Paris,  1831.  8°.  (Ann.  sc.  nat,  xxii,  passim). 

Histoire  naturelle  des  insectes.    Orthopteres.     18  -f-  777  pp.,  14  pi. 

Paris,  1839.     8°. 

Sharp,  David.    Insecta.     Cambr.  nat.  hist.,  v,  81-584.    London,  1895.   8°. 

Stal,  Carl.  Recensio  Orthopterorum.  Revue  critique  des  Orthopteres 
decrits  par  Linne,  de  Geer  et  Thunberg.  [3  parts.]  Stockholm.  8°. 
i,  4  +  154  pp.,  1873;  ii,  4  +  121  pp.,  1874;  iii,  4  +  105  pp.,  1875. 

Recherches  sur  le  systeme  des  Mantides.    26  pp.     Stockholm,  1873. 

8°.     (Bill,  svensk.  vet.  akad.  handl.,  i,  no.  10.) 

—  Orthoptera  nova.    Ofv.  vet.  akad.  forh.,  xxx,  39-53.     Stockholm, 
1873.     8°. 

Recherches  sur  le  systeme  des  Blattaires.    18  pp.    Stockholm,  1874. 

8°.     (Bih.  svensk.  vet.  akad.  handl.,  ii,  no.  13.) 

Recherches  sur  le  systeme  des  Phasmides.    19  pp.    Stockholm,  1875. 

8°.     (Bih.  svensk.  vet.  akad.  handl.,  ii,  no.  17.) 

Obervations  orthoptSrologiques.     [i],  43  pp.    Stockholm,  1875.    8C. 

(Bih.  svensk.  vet.  akad.  handl.,  iii,  no.  14.);  ii,  58  pp.  1876  (Bih.,  iv,  no. 
5.)  ;  iii,  20  pp.  1878  (Bih.,  v,  no.  9.). 

Systema  Mantodeorum.    Essai  d'une  systSmatisation  nouvelle  des 

Mantodees.    91  pp.,  1  pi.    Stockholm,  1877.    8°.     (Bih.  svensk.  vet.  akad. 
handl.,  iv,  no.  10). 

Systema  Acrideodeorum.    Essai  d'une  systfimatisation  des  Acridio- 

dees,  i.  100  pp.    Stockholm,  1878.    8°.     (Bih.  svensk.  vet.  akad.  handl.,  v, 
no.  4). 

Thomas,  Cyrus.  Notes  on  the  saltatorial  Orthoptera  of  the  Rocky 
Mountain  regions.  Ann.  rep.  U.  S.  geol.  surv.  terr.,  v,  423-466,  pi.  1-2. 
Washington.  1872.  8°. 

Synopsis  of  the  Acrididae  of  North  America.    10+262  pp.,  1  pi. 

Washington,  1873.     4°.     (Rep.  U.  S.  geol.  surv.  terr.,  v.) 

Key  to  Illinois  Orthoptera.    4  pp.    [Carbondale,  1875.  ?].    8°. 

The  Acrididae  of  Illinois.     Rep.  ins.  HI.,  ix,  73-140.     Springfield, 

1880.    8°. 


INDEX. 


Numbers  following  66  refer  to  the  Bibliographies. 


Acentetus,28, 32. 
Achurum,  25,  32,  73. 
Acridia,  39,  41. 
Acridiidae,  7,  9,  22,  72. 
Acridiinae,  22,  39,  76. 
Acrocara,  26,  32,  73. 
Acrolophitus,  25, 32. 
Aegipan,  52. 
Aeoloplus,  44,  49. 
Ageneotettix,  31,  32,  74. 
Agymnastus,  34,  37. 
Alpha,  29,  32,  74. 
Amblycorypha,  53,  77. 
Amblycoryphae,  52,  53,  77. 
Amblytropidia,  28, 32,  73. 
Amphitornus,  28,  32,  73. 
Anabrus,  56. 
Anaxiphus,  65,  81. 
Anconia,  37  38. 
Anisolabis,  11,  68. 
Anisomorpha,  20,  21. 
Anisomorphinae,  19,  20,  72. 
Apithis,  66,  82. 
Apote,  55,  57. 
Aptenopedes,  49. 
Arethaea,  52,  77. 
Arnilia,  41. 
Arphia,  33,  37,  75. 
Asemoplus,  49. 
Ateloplus,  57. 
Atlanticus,  55,  57,  79. 
Aulocara,  31,  32. 

Bacillinae,  19,  21. 
Bacillus,  21. 

Bactromantis,  16, 17, 18. 
Bacunculinae,  19,  20,  72. 
Bacunculus,  20. 
Batrachideae,  23,  24,  73. 
Belocephalus,  54. 
Beta,  32. 
Blatta,  13, 14. 
Blattidae,  7,  8,  12,  68. 
Blattinae,  12, 13.  69. 
Bliastes,  53,  78. 
Boopedon,  29,  32,  74. 
Bootettix,  26,  32. 
Brachystola,  38  76. 
Bradynotes,  44,  49. 
Bruneria,  30,  32. 
Brunneria,  17, 32,  71. 

Cacopteris,  56,  57. 
Callimantis,  17, 18. 
Camnula,  34,  37. 
Campylacantha,43,  49,  50. 
Capnobotes,  55,  79. 
Ceratinoptera,  14,  69. 
Ceuthophili,  58,  79. 


Ceuthophilus,  59,  61,  79. 
Chimarocephala,  34,  37, 75. 
Chloealtis,  28,  32, 73. 
Chorisoneura,  15,  70. 
Chortophaga,  33,  37,  75. 
Circotettix,  37,  75. 
Clinocephalus,  28,  32. 
Clinopleura,  56. 
Coloradella,  32. 
Conalcaea,  42. 
Conocephalinae,  51,  54,  78. 
Conocephalini,  54,  78. 
Conocephalus,  54,  78. 
Conozoa,  37,  75. 
Copiophora,  54,  78. 
Corydinae,  13, 15,  70. 
Cryptocercus,  15. 
Cyclocercus,  42,  49,  50. 
Cycloptilum,  64,  81. 
Cyrtophyllus,  53,  78. 
Cyrtoxiphus,  65,  81. 

Dactyloti,  40,  50. 
Dactylotum,  50. 
Daihinia,  9,  59,  60,  80. 
Decticinae,  51,  55,  79. 
Dendrotettix,  45,  49. 
Derotmema,  36,  75. 
Diapheromera,  20. 
Dichopetala,  52, 77. 
Dichromorpha,  28,  32,  74. 
Dictyophorus,  40,  76. 
Dissosteira,  35,  37,  75. 
Dracotettix,  40. 

Encoptolophus,  34,  37,  75. 
Eneopterinae,  62,  65,  82. 
Engoniaspis,  55. 
Eotettix,  43,  49. 
Eremnus,  32. 
Eremobiini,  33,  38,  76. 
Eremopedes,  56. 
Eritettix,  27,  32,  73. 
Eupnigodes,  30,  32. 
Eurycotis,  14,  69. 

Forficula,  11,  68. 
Forficulidae,  7, 8, 11,  67. 

Gammarotettix,  61. 
Gomphocerus,  30,  32,  74. 
Gonatista,  17. 
Gryllacrinae,  9, 51,  57. 
Gryllidae,  7, 10,  62,  80. 
Gryllinae,  62,  64,  81. 
Gryllpdes,  64,  81. 
Gryllotalpa,  63,  80. 
Gryllotalpinae,  10,62, 63, 80. 
Gryllotalpini,  63. 


Gryllus,  64,  81. 
Gymnes,  26,  32. 
Gymnoscirtetes,  41, 49. 

Hadenoecus,  59,  61,  79. 
Hadrotettix,  37. 
Haldemanella,  38. 
Heliastus,  37,  38, 75. 
Hesperotettix,  44,  49  50. 
Hippiscus,  34,  37, 75. 
Homoeogamia,  15,  70. 
Hormiliae,  52,  77. 
Hypochlora,  43,  49. 

Idionotus,  56,  57. 
Idiostatus  56,  57. 
Ischnoptefa,  13, 14,  69. 

Labia,  11,  68. 
Labidura,  11. 
Lactista,  35,  37,  75. 
Leprus,  34,  38. 
Leptysma,  41. 
Leptysmae  39,  40,  41. 
Ligurotettix,  26,  32. 
Litaneutria,  17. 
Loboptera,  14,  69. 
Locustidae,  7,  9, 51,  77. 

Mantidae,  7,  8, 16,  70. 
Mantinae,  16,  71. 
Mecostethus,  29,  32,  74. 
Melanopli,  40,  41,  76. 
Melanoplus  22,  44,  47,  48, 

49,  50,  76. 

Mermiria,  26,  32,  73. 
Mesopes,  39,40. 
Mestobregma,  36,  37,  75. 
Metaleptea,  32. 
Metrypa,  66,  82. 
Microcentra,  52,  53,  78. 
Microcentrum,  53.  78. 
Mogosiplistus,  63,  64. 
Monotettix,  24. 
Myrmecophila,  62,63,64. 
Myrmecophilinae,  62,63,81. 

Napaia,  27,  32. 
Nemobius,  64,  81. 
Neortus,  57. 
Nyctobora,  14, 69. 
Nyctoborinae,  12,  14,  69. 

Odonturae,  52,  77. 
Oecanthinae,  62, 64,  81. 
Oecanthus,  64, 81. 
Oedaleonotus,  48,  50. 
Oedipodinae,  22,  23,  32,  33, 
74. 


Oedipodini,  33,  75. 
Oedocara,  32. 
Oligonyx,  17,  71. 
Opeia,  27,  32. 
Orchelimum,  55,  79. 
Orchesticus,  55,  57. 
Orocharis,  66,  82. 
Orphula,  29,  32,  74. 


Panchlora,  15,  70. 
Panchlorinae,  12,  15,  70. 
Panesthinae,  13, 15,  70. 
Paraidemona,  42,  49,  50. 
Paratettix,  24,  73. 
Paratylotropidia,  46,  49. 
Paroecanthus,  65,  82. 
Paroxya,  46,  48,  49. 
Paxilla,  24. 
Pedeticum,  27,  32. 
Pedioscirtetes,  26,  32. 
Pelmatosilpha,  14. 15,  69. 
Peranabrus,  56. 
Penplaneta,  15,  70. 
Periplanetinae,  12, 14,  69. 
Pezotettix,  49. 
Phaedrotettix,  42,  49,  50. 
Phaneropterinae,  51, 52,  77. 
Phasmidae,  7,  9, 19,  71. 
Phasmomantis,  17,  71. 
Phlibostroma,  29,  32. 
Phoetaliotes,  47,  49,  50. 
Phrixocnemis,  60,  80. 
Phyllodromia,  13,  69. 
Phylloscirtus,  65,  81. 
Plagiostira,  57. 
Platamodes,  14. 
Plectopterinae,  13, 15,  70. 
Plectrophorus,  32. 


Plectrotettix,  29,  32,  74. 
Pnigodes,  32. 
Podisma,  45,  49,  50,  76. 
Poecilotettix,  48,  49,  50. 
Pseudophyllinae,  51,  53,  78. 
Pseudopomala,  40. 
Pseudostauronotus,  32. 
Psinidia,  36,  37. 
Psoloessa.  29,  32,  74. 
Pycnoscelus,  15. 
Pyrgocorypha,  54,  78. 
Pyrgomorphinae,  40. 

Rhabdotettix,  42,  49,  50. 
Rhadinotaturn,  25,  32. 
Rhaphidopliorim,57, 58,  79. 
Rhomalea.  40,  76. 
Rhomaleae,  39,  40. 

Scapteriscus,  63,  80. 
Schistocerca,  41, 76. 
Schizodactylus,  10. 
Scirtettica,  35,  37,  75. 
Scudderia,  53,  78. 
Scudderiae,  52,  53,  78. 
Sermyle,  20,  72. 
Spharagemon,  35,  37,  75. 
Sphingolabis,  11. 
Spongophora  11,  68. 
Stagmomantis,  17,  71. 
Steiroxys,  56,  79. 
Stenobothrus,  30,  32,  74. 
Stenopelmatinae,  9,  51,  57, 

79. 

Stenopelmatini,  57, 79. 
Stenopelmatus,  57,  79. 
Stirapleura,  29,  31,  32,  74. 
Stylopyga,  14, 15. 


Symmetropleura,  53.  78. 
Syrbula,  27,  32,  73. 

Taeniopodae,  39, 40. 
Temnopteryx,  14,  69. 
Tettigiae,  23,  24,  73. 
Tettigidea,  24,  73. 
Tettiginae,  22,  23,  72. 
Tettix,  24,  73. 
Theoclytes,  18,  71. 
Thesprotia,  17,  71. 
Thrincini,  32. 
Thyrsocera,  13,  14,  69. 
Timema,  20,  21. 
Tomonotus,  35,  38,  75. 
Trachyrachys,  37. 
Tridactylim,  63. 
Tridactylus,  63,  80. 
Trigonidiinae,  62,  65,  81. 
Trimerotropis,  37,  75. 
Tropidacres,  39,  40. 
Tropidacris,  40,  76. 
Tropidischia,  58. 
Tropidischiae,  58. 
Tropidolophus,  35. 
Tropidonoti,  39,40. 
Tropizaspis,  55. 
Tryxalinae,  22, 23,  25,  73. 
Tryxalis,  26,  32. 
Tytthotyle,  38. 

Udeopsylla,  60,  61,  80. 
Vatinae,  16, 18,  71. 

Xiphidiini,  54,  55,  79. 
Xiphidiuin,  55,  79. 

Yersinia,  16, 18. 


CORRECTIONS. 

PAGE 

30,  line  1,  read  :  Tempera  elongate. 

42,  line  13,  for  c  read  :  c'2. 

45,  last  line  but  3,  read  :  (A*  62  c2  d1). 

84,  last  line  of  note,  read  :  dated,  ix.  Cal.  Nov.  MDCCCLIII. 


U.C.  BERKELEY  LIBRARIES 

Ililillil 

COEb31512fl 


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